{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:36:29Z","timestamp":1790094989186,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["THA-11960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["THA-11960"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most cervicovaginal microbiome-immunology studies to date have relied on 16S rDNA microbial profiling which does not resolve the molecular subgroups of <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>, believed to be central to the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and subsequent risk of HIV acquisition. Here we used the <jats:italic>cpn<\/jats:italic>60 universal target which in addition to other microbial taxa, resolves four <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> subgroups, for cervicovaginal microbial profiling in a longitudinal cohort of Kenyan women to examine associations with cellular and soluble markers of inflammation and HIV susceptibility. Participants (N = 41) were sampled, contributing 362 samples for microbiome analysis. All non-<jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> dominant microbial communities were associated with high pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Divergent associations were observed among different <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> subgroup dominated communities with respect to the chemokine IP-10. Specifically, <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> subgroup A dominant and polymicrobial communities were associated with reduced concentrations of IP-10 in adjusted linear mixed models (p&amp;lt;0.0001), compared to microbial communities dominated by <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> (non-iners) species. However, these associations did not translate to significant differences in the proportion or absolute number of CCR5, HLA-DR and CD38 expressed on cervical CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T- cells. These findings suggest that some associations between <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> subgroup dominant microbiomes and mucosal immunity differ and are relevant for the study of BV-pathogenesis and understanding the mechanisms of BV-associated HIV risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.974195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:29:06Z","timestamp":1673915346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gardnerella subgroup dominant microbiomes are associated with divergent cervicovaginal immune responses in a longitudinal cohort of Kenyan women"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elinor","family":"Shvartsman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catia T.","family":"Perciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meika E. 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