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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>T lymphocytes are key players in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. We recruited subjects with T1D (n=81), LADA (n=82), T2D (n=95) and NGT (n=218) and analyzed the percentages of T-lymphocyte subsets, including T helper 1 (Th1), T helper 2 (Th2), T helper 17 (Th17), T cytotoxic 1 (Tc1), regulatory T cells (Tregs), effector T (Teff), na\u00efve T, central memory T (Tcm), and effector memory T (Tem) cells by flow cytometry. LADA patients possessed similar frequencies of IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T (Th1), IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Teff cells compared with T1D patients, but much lower than those of NGT subjects. Like T2D patients, LADA patients had increased frequencies of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Tem and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Tem cells with respect to T1D and NGT subjects. In LADA patients, Th2 cells were decreased while CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Tcm cells were increased compared with NGT subjects. Notably, we observed significant negative correlations between the CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Tcm cell frequency and C-peptide in LADA subjects. These data demonstrates that LADA patients possess T-cell subset changes resembling both T1D and T2D and represent the middle of the diabetes spectrum between T1D and T2D. Based on these T-cell subset alterations, we speculate that autoimmunity-induced \u03b2-cell destruction and inflammation-induced insulin resistance might both be involved in the pathogenesis of LADA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.974864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T08:39:45Z","timestamp":1661330385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Variable frequencies of peripheral T-lymphocyte subsets in the diabetes spectrum from type 1 diabetes through latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) to type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tingting","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuqing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S002","article-title":"2. 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