{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:38:28Z","timestamp":1793119108943,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82101112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation plays a pivotal role in ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. Targeting microglia\/macrophage-based neuroinflammation presents a promising therapeutic strategy. Ferulic acid (FA), a natural and active ingredient in plants, exerts favorable anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of FA against hypoxia-induced retinal angiogenesis using cultured retinal vascular endothelial cells and an oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse (OIR) model. The immunoregulatory effect of FA on microglia\/macrophage polarization was evaluated by detecting the expression of specific markers for both pro-inflammatory \u201cM1\u201d and anti-inflammatory \u201cM2\u201d phenotypes using co-immunostaining and polymerase chain reaction assays. The underlying molecular mechanism upon FA treatment was also explored. The results showed that FA supplement markedly inhibited retinal pathological angiogenesis both <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. In addition, FA switched microglia\/macrophage polarization from \u201cM1\u201d towards \u201cM2\u201d phenotype and alleviated the inflammatory response. Mechanically, the anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of FA were mainly due to blockade of the ROS\/NF-\u03baB pathway. Our data demonstrated an anti-angiogenic effect of FA through regulating M1-to-M2 microglia\/macrophage polarization, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for retinal neovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.976729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T04:27:25Z","timestamp":1662092845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Ferulic acid alleviates retinal neovascularization by modulating microglia\/macrophage polarization through the ROS\/NF-\u03baB 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