{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:10:19Z","timestamp":1792638619901,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genetic susceptibility to autoimmune liver diseases is conferred mainly by polymorphisms of genes encoding for the human leukocyte antigens (HLA). The strongest predisposition to autoimmune hepatitis type 1 (AIH-1) is linked to the allele <jats:italic>DRB1*03:01<\/jats:italic>, possession of which is associated with earlier disease onset and more severe course. In populations where this allele is very rare, such as in Asia, and in <jats:italic>DRB1*03<\/jats:italic>-negative patients, risk of AIH-1 is conferred by <jats:italic>DRB1*04<\/jats:italic>, which is associated with later disease onset and milder phenotype. AIH type 2 (AIH-2) is associated with <jats:italic>DRB1*07<\/jats:italic>. The pediatric condition referred to as autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC), is associated with the <jats:italic>DRB1*13<\/jats:italic> in populations of Northern European ancestry. <jats:italic>DRB1*1501<\/jats:italic> is protective from AIH-1, AIH-2 and ASC in Northern European populations. Possession of the <jats:italic>DRB1*08<\/jats:italic> allele is associated with an increased risk of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) across different populations. <jats:italic>DRB1*03:01<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B*08:01<\/jats:italic> confer susceptibility to primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), as well as <jats:italic>DRB1*13<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>DRB1*15<\/jats:italic> in Europe. The hepatic blood supply is largely derived from the splanchnic circulation, suggesting a pathophysiological role of the gut microbiome. AIH appears to be associated with dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, and translocation of intestinal microbial products into the circulation; molecular mimicry between microbial and host antigens may trigger an autoaggressive response in genetically-predisposed individuals. In PBC an altered enteric microbiome may affect intestinal motility, immunological function and bile secretion. Patients with PSC have a gut microbial profile different from health as well as from patients with inflammatory bowel disease without PSC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.980768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T06:02:01Z","timestamp":1660802521000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["HLA, gut microbiome and hepatic autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Terziroli 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