{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:29:41Z","timestamp":1790314181283,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105831\/Z\/14\/Z."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105831\/Z\/14\/Z."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>People Living with HIV (PLHIV) are at an increased risk of pneumococcal pneumonia than HIV-uninfected adults, but the reasons for this are still not well understood. We investigated whether alveolar macrophages (AM) mediated control of pneumococcal infection is impaired in PLHIV compared to HIV-uninfected adults. We assessed anti-bactericidal activity against <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> of primary human AM obtained from PLHIV and HIV-uninfected adults. We found that pneumococcus survived intracellularly in AMs at least 24 hours post <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> infection, and this was more frequent in PLHIV than HIV-uninfected adults. Corroborating these findings, <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> evidence showed that PLHIV had a higher propensity for harboring <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> within their AMs than HIV-uninfected adults. Moreover, bacterial intracellular survival in AMs was associated with extracellular propagation of pneumococcal infection. Our data suggest that failure of AMs to eliminate <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> intracellularly could contribute to the increased risk of pneumococcal pneumonia in PLHIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.992659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T09:51:54Z","timestamp":1663667514000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Intracellular survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae in human alveolar macrophages is augmented with HIV infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tinashe 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