{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T19:08:28Z","timestamp":1790536108628,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with COVID-19 and tuberculosis coinfection are at an increased risk of severe disease and death. We therefore sought to evaluate the current evidence which assessed the immune response in COVID-19 and tuberculosis coinfection<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched Pubmed\/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify articles published between 2020 and 2021. We included observational studies evaluating the immune response in patients with tuberculosis and COVID-19 compared to patients with COVID-19 alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four cross-sectional studies (372 participants) were identified. In patients with asymptomatic COVID-19 and latent tuberculosis (LTBI), increased cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and humoral responses were found. In addition, patients with symptomatic COVID-19 and LTBI had higher leukocytes counts and less inflammation. Regarding patients with COVID-19 and active tuberculosis (aTB), they exhibited decreased total lymphocyte counts, CD4 T cells specific against SARS-CoV-2 and responsiveness to SARS-CoV-2 antigens compared to patients with only COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the evidence is limited, an apparent positive immunomodulation is observed in patients with COVID-19 and LTBI. On the other hand, patients with COVID-19 and aTB present a dysregulated immune response. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings and expand knowledge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.992743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T06:25:27Z","timestamp":1661495127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Immune responses in COVID-19 and tuberculosis coinfection: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Flores-Lovon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brando","family":"Ortiz-Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Cueva-Chica\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalom","family":"Aperrigue-Lira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizbet S.","family":"Montes-Madariaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Soriano-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Global tuberculosis report2021"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259006","article-title":"Active pulmonary tuberculosis and coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.657006","article-title":"COVID-19 and tuberculosis coinfection: An overview of case Reports\/Case series and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00350","article-title":"Immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis: A narrative review","volume":"7","author":"de Martino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-095939","article-title":"The immune response in tuberculosis","volume":"31","author":"O\u2019Garra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0006-2016","article-title":"Regulation of immunity to tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Brighenti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis043","article-title":"Local immune responses in human tuberculosis: learning from the site of infection","author":"Brighenti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI136222","article-title":"The knowns and unknowns of latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"131","author":"Boom","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.646333","article-title":"Cellular immune response to COVID-19 and potential immune modulators","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00679-0","article-title":"The signal pathways and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050","article-title":"Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews","volume":"13","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.07.029","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis co-infection is associated with heightened levels of humoral, cytokine and acute phase responses in seropositive SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"83","author":"Rajamanickam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.19882","article-title":"Impact of latent tuberculosis on severity and outcomes in admitted COVID-19 patients","volume":"13","author":"Madan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI149125","article-title":"Relationship of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 response to COVID-19 severity and impact of HIV-1 and tuberculosis coinfection","volume":"131","author":"Riou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Of Clin Invest"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.090","article-title":"Coinfection of tuberculosis and COVID-19 limits the ability to in vitro respond to SARS-CoV-2","author":"Petrone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01122-w","article-title":"The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"23","author":"Moss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99754-3","article-title":"Risk assessment of latent tuberculosis infection through a multiplexed cytokine biosensor assay and machine learning feature selection","volume":"11","author":"Robison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection: The role of cytokines in COVID-19 disease","volume":"54","author":"Costela-Ruiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab005","article-title":"Early differences in cytokine production by severity of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"223","author":"Tjan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.12.013","article-title":"Implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the clinical, hematological, and inflammatory parameters in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Damiati","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S300162","article-title":"BCG Vaccine-induced trained immunity and COVID-19: Protective or bystander","volume":"14","author":"Koneru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.04.006","article-title":"Trained immunity: a memory for innate host defense","volume":"9","author":"Netea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.632478","article-title":"The BCG vaccine for COVID-19: First verdict and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Gonzalez-Perez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030471","article-title":"Lymphopenia as a biological predictor of outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.706902","article-title":"Th2\/Th1 cytokine imbalance is associated with higher COVID-19 risk mortality","volume":"12","author":"Pavel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.658843","article-title":"Lymphocyte-related immunological indicators for stratifying mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101122","article-title":"Functional capacity of mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T cell responses in humans is associated with mycobacterial load","volume":"187","author":"Day","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.12.012","article-title":"Tuberculosis and COVID-19 interaction: A review of biological, clinical and public health effects","volume":"27","author":"Visca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77990","article-title":"Biomarkers on patient T cells diagnose active tuberculosis and monitor treatment response","volume":"125","author":"Adekambi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00436-4","article-title":"Not just antibodies: B cells and T cells mediate immunity to COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Cox","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iqab006","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqab006","article-title":"The T cell response to SARS-CoV-2: kinetic and quantitative aspects and the case for their protective role","volume":"23","author":"Bertoletti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxf Open Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113179","article-title":"Effect of BCG revaccination on occupationally exposed medical personnel vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"10","author":"Ramos-Martinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0369","article-title":"Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Henry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.02.013","article-title":"Rethinking IL-6 and CRP: Why they are more than inflammatory biomarkers, and why it matters","volume":"70","author":"Del Giudice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.992743\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T06:25:28Z","timestamp":1661495128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.992743\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.992743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.992743","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"article-number":"992743"}}