{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T10:50:28Z","timestamp":1776682228429,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Backgrounds<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intramuscular injection of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has raised concerns about its use in patients with neuromuscular disorders (NMDs). We evaluated the response of patients with NMDs to the BNT162b2 vaccine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy subjects, patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) were included. All participants received two BNT162b2 doses. SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers at baseline and 2 weeks after each vaccination were compared between groups. Residual muscle volume was evaluated in NMDs group. A questionnaire documented adverse reactions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eleven patients with NMDs (9 with SMA, 2 with DMD; 7 males; aged 32.7 \u00b1 19.3 years) and 346 healthy subjects (60 males, aged 40.0 \u00b1 12.4 years) were included. Antibody titers (U\/mL) were similar between groups (baseline: &amp;lt;0.40 vs. &amp;lt;0.40, first vaccination, 145 \u00b1 258 vs. 103 \u00b1 1192, and second vaccination, 1528 \u00b1 1265 vs. 1429 \u00b1 944; p = 1.000, 0.909, and 0.736, respectively). A negative correlation was found between antibody titers and residual muscle volume but was not significant (Mercuri scale, r = \u22120.429, p = 0.249; fat infiltration rate, r = \u22120.194, p = 0.618). The adverse reactions were comparable between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The BNT162b2 vaccine is safe and effective in patients with NMDs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.996134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T14:21:28Z","timestamp":1664461288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Early immunological responses to the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients with neuromuscular disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Iwayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Ishihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Kawahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Madokoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuko","family":"Togawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanji","family":"Muramatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayuka","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Kumagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kengo","family":"Nanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahisa","family":"Katsuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihisa","family":"Okumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27179","article-title":"Doctor-should I get the COVID-19 vaccine? Infection and immunization in individuals with neuromuscular disorders","volume":"63","author":"\u017divkovi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.11.006","article-title":"mRNA intramuscular vaccination produces a robust IgG antibody response in advanced neuromuscular disease","volume":"32","author":"Demonbreun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Annex i summary of product characteristics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01036-21","article-title":"Spike antibody titers evaluation after a 2-dose regimen of BNT162b2 vaccination in healthcare workers previously infected with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"9","author":"Kayukawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2018.10.004","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of skeletal muscle by computed tomography imaging-state of the art","volume":"15","author":"Engelke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211629","article-title":"A guide for using NIH image J for single slice cross-sectional area and composition analysis of the thigh from computed tomography","volume":"14","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244","article-title":"Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software 'EZR' for medical statistics","volume":"48","author":"Kanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7271.1237","article-title":"The importance of injecting vaccines into muscle","volume":"321","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Different patients need different needle sizes. BMJ"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2021-139870","article-title":"Inadvertent subcutaneous injection of COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"97","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813480243","article-title":"Comparison of the immunogenicity of intramuscular versus subcutaneous administration of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in individuals with neuromuscular diseases","volume":"28","author":"Golekoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/2051013613519217","article-title":"Influenza vaccination and treatment in children with neurologic disorders","volume":"2","author":"Havers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Adv Vaccines"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16170","article-title":"Case of bullous pemphigoid following coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination","volume":"48","author":"Nakamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050522","article-title":"The gender impact assessment among healthcare workers in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-an analysis of serological response and side effects","volume":"9","author":"Di Resta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.996134\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T14:21:31Z","timestamp":1664461291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.996134\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"references-count":13,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.996134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.996134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"article-number":"996134"}}