{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:11:31Z","timestamp":1790107891914,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epidemiological studies have revealed a link between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). To determine whether IBD and HS are causally related, we used the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A two-sample MR was performed using an analysis of 12,882 patients and 21,770 controls with IBD and its main subtypes, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn\u2019s disease (CD). A total of 409 cases and 211,139 controls without hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) were included in the data for this condition from various GWAS investigations. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are used to estimate causal effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study assessed the causal relationship between HS and IBD in both directions. The risk of HS was increased by IBD (IVW OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.20-1.49, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 2.15E-07) and, in addition, HS was affected by UC (IVW OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.13-1.43, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 8.97E-04) and CD (IVW OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.08-1.29, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 4.15E-04). However, there was no evidence of a causal relationship between HS and IBD or its subtypes (IBD IVW OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.96-1.05, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.85; UC IVW OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.95-1.03, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.65; CD IVW OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.98- 1.07, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.28).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates that IBD and its subtypes have a causal effect on HS, whereas HS does not affect IBD. Gut-skin axis interactions may help to understand this association. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiology of the causal relationship between IBD and HS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1071616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T08:39:52Z","timestamp":1674722392000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Causal association between inflammatory bowel disease and hidradenitis suppurativa: A two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization 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