{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:10:08Z","timestamp":1788491408212,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) and allergic rhinitis (AR) are prevalent allergic diseases. People are becoming increasingly aware of the impact of microbial disorders on host immunity and allergic diseases. Studies have demonstrated an association between allergic diseases and the microbiome, but much remains unknown. We assessed changes in the conjunctival microbiome and nasal microbiome in patients with ARC or AR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conjunctival swabs and nasal swabs were collected from each participant for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Bacterial communities were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty patients with ARC, 20 patients suffering from AR, and 34 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. This study found the abundance of conjunctival microbiome in patients with ARC or AR was significantly lower than that in HCs. The diversity of conjunctival microbiome in patients with AR was significantly lower than those in the other two groups. There is no significant difference in abundance of nasal microbiome between the three groups. The diversities of nasal microbiome in patients with ARC or AR were significantly lower than that in HCs. We found significant differences in microbiota compositions in patients with ARC or AR compared with those in HCs. However, no significant difference in microbiota compositions was found between patients with ARC and patients with AR. Microbiome functions in the ARC group and AR group were also altered compared with HCs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We revealed changes in the composition and function of the conjunctival microbiome and nasal microbiome of patients with ARC or AR, which suggests that there is a relationship between allergic conditions and the local microbiome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1079154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T11:09:18Z","timestamp":1679310558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Characterization of dysbiosis of the conjunctival microbiome and nasal microbiome associated with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuntong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.12.591","article-title":"Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the nomenclature review committee of the world allergy organization, October 2003","volume":"113","author":"Johansson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Effect of bilastine upon the ocular symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis","author":"Bartra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"The prevalence of allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis and asthma among adults of Tehran","volume":"47","author":"Shokouhi Shoormasti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2007.28.3011","article-title":"The pathophysiology of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis","volume":"28","author":"Broide","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.10.042","article-title":"Allergic conjunctivitis: update on pathophysiology and prospects for future treatment","volume":"115","author":"Ono","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2015.01.006","article-title":"Clinical characteristics associated with conjunctival inflammation in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis","volume":"3","author":"Gelardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.06.014","article-title":"Considerations in understanding the ocular surface microbiome","volume":"158","author":"Zegans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2016.04.004","article-title":"Impact of microbiome on ocular health","volume":"14","author":"Kugadas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14635","article-title":"Characterization of conjunctival microbiome dysbiosis associated with allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"76","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.14","article-title":"The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health","volume":"15","author":"Man","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259","article-title":"Hay fever, hygiene, and household size","volume":"299","author":"Strachan","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.05.011","article-title":"Characterization of the normal microbiota of the ocular surface","volume":"117","author":"Willcox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-0484(13)60005-3","article-title":"Ocular surface health with contact lens wear","author":"Shovlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19803","article-title":"Paucibacterial microbiome and resident DNA virome of the healthy conjunctiva","volume":"57","author":"Doan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-1-r1","article-title":"Biogeography of the ecosystems of the healthy human body","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9922","article-title":"Comparative ocular microbial communities in humans with and without blepharitis","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0588","article-title":"Ocular pathogen or commensal: a PCR-based study of surface bacterial flora in normal and dry eyes","volume":"48","author":"Graham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6939","article-title":"Diversity of bacteria at healthy human conjunctiva","volume":"52","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00198","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00198-16","article-title":"Changes in the eye microbiota associated with contact lens wearing","volume":"7","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.11.005","article-title":"Biogeography of the human ocular microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Ozkan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14632","article-title":"Advances and novel developments in mechanisms of allergic inflammation","volume":"75","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.02.007","article-title":"The microbiome in allergic disease: Current understanding and future opportunities-2017 PRACTALL document of the American academy of allergy, asthma & immunology and the European academy of allergy and clinical immunology","volume":"139","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.05.044","article-title":"The airway microbiome in patients with severe asthma: Associations with disease features and severity","volume":"136","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201507-451MG","article-title":"Gut microbiota and allergic disease","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Insights Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13255","article-title":"Association of nasal microbiome and asthma control in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12810","article-title":"Ocular surface microbiome in meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"45","author":"Watters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1673-0860.2018.10.017","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) guidelines-2016 revision","volume":"140","author":"Bro\u017cek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"94","article-title":"SEAIC 2010 rhinoconjunctivitis committee; Spanish group ocular surface-GESOC. consensus document on allergic conjunctivitis (DECA)","volume":"25","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies","volume":"27","author":"Mago\u010d","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.112730.110","article-title":"Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons","volume":"21","author":"Haas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.06.09","article-title":"Signatures within esophageal microbiota with progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101771","article-title":"The gut microbiome of healthy long-living people","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13088","article-title":"Characterization of ocular and nasopharyngeal microbiome in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis","volume":"30","author":"Yau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11041130","article-title":"Characterization of conjunctival sac microbiome from patients with allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-014-0099-x","article-title":"The conjunctival microbiome in health and trachomatous disease: a case control study","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000578","article-title":"Diversity of ocular surface bacterial microbiome adherent to worn contact lenses and bacterial communities associated with care solution use","volume":"45","author":"Retuerto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02067-7","article-title":"Airway microbial diversity is inversely associated with mite-sensitized rhinitis and asthma in early childhood","volume":"7","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00934-17","article-title":"Dysbiosis of inferior turbinate microbiota is associated with high total IgE levels in patients with allergic rhinitis","volume":"86","author":"Hyun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-4058-6","article-title":"The possible mechanisms of the human microbiome in allergic diseases","volume":"274","author":"Ipci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06311-1","article-title":"The difference in nasal bacterial microbiome diversity between chronic rhinosinusitis patients with polyps and a control population","volume":"9","author":"Gan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.11.005","article-title":"Nasal microenvironments and interspecific interactions influence nasal microbiota complexity and s. aureus carriage","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010598","article-title":"The human nasal microbiota and staphylococcus aureus carriage","volume":"5","author":"Frank","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06311-1","article-title":"Comparing the nasal bacterial microbiome diversity of allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis and control subjects","volume":"278","author":"Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.771136","article-title":"Airway microbiome and serum metabolomics analysis identify differential candidate biomarkers in allergic rhinitis","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78ps12","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001626","article-title":"Community health care: therapeutic opportunities in the human microbiome","volume":"3","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.04977.x","article-title":"The aetiology of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"110","author":"Turovskiy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000559","article-title":"Role of the ocular surface microbiome in allergic disease","volume":"19","author":"Cavuoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00438","article-title":"Dysbiosis of skin microbiota in psoriatic patients: Co-occurrence of fungal and bacterial communities","volume":"10","author":"Stehlikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3314\/mmj.53.97","article-title":"[Malassezia related diseases]","volume":"53","author":"Sei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Mycol J"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15390","article-title":"The role of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review","volume":"177","author":"Bjerre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12934","article-title":"Viruses and bacteria in Th2-biased allergic airway disease","volume":"71","author":"Lan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1079154\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T11:09:38Z","timestamp":1679310578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1079154\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1079154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1079154","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"article-number":"1079154"}}