{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:25:53Z","timestamp":1778113553057,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021M3E5D1A01015187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021M3E5D1A01015187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1I1A1A01050391, NRF-2018R1D1A1B07045711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1I1A1A01050391, NRF-2018R1D1A1B07045711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018688","name":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021ER260300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ER260300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects gut luminal cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor and disrupts the gut microbiome. We investigated whether the gut microbiome in the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with the prognosis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty COVID-19 patients and 16 healthy controls were prospectively enrolled. Blood and stool samples and clinical details were collected on days 0 (enrollment), 7, 14, and 28. Participants were categorized into four groups by their clinical course.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gut microbiota composition varied during the clinical course of COVID-19 and was closely associated with cytokine levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.003). A high abundance of the genus <jats:italic>Dialister<\/jats:italic> (linear discriminant analysis [LDA] effect size: 3.97856, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.004), species <jats:italic>Peptoniphilus lacrimalis<\/jats:italic> (LDA effect size: 4.00551, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.020), and <jats:italic>Anaerococcus prevotii<\/jats:italic> (LDA effect size: 4.00885, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.007) was associated with a good prognosis. Starch, sucrose, and galactose metabolism was highly activated in the gut microbiota of the poor prognosis group. Glucose-lowering diets, including whole grains, were positively correlated with a good prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gut microbiota may mediate the prognosis of COVID-19 by regulating cytokine responses and controlling glucose metabolism, which is implicated in the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1079277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T06:02:58Z","timestamp":1679896978000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Clinical implications of gut microbiota and cytokine responses in coronavirus disease prognosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hye","family":"Seong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun 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