{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:38:17Z","timestamp":1789951097597,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn\u2019s disease, are some of the most common inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. The dysfunction of the immune system in the intestines is suggested to be the underlying cause of the pathogenesis of UC. However, the mechanisms regulating these dysfunctional immune cells and inflammatory phenotypes are still unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The differential expression analysis on microarray datasets were performed  including GSE24287, GSE87466, GSE102133, and GSE107499, including 376 samples. \u201cGene Ontology\u201d and \u201cKyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes\u201d pathway enrichment analyses were conducted to identify the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in these datasets and explore their underlying biological mechanisms. Further algorithms like \u201cCell-type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts\u201d were used to determine the infiltration status of immune cells in patients with UC.  \u201cCytoscape\u201d and \u201cGene Set Enrichment Analysis\u201d were used to screen for hub genes and to investigate their biological mechanisms. The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource database was used to study the correlation between hub genes and infiltrating immune cells in patients with UC. A total of three hub genes, CCL3, MMP3, and TIMP1, were identified using Cytoscape.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A positive correlation was observed between these hub genes and patients with active UC. These genes served as a biomarker for active UC. Moreover, a decrease in CCL3, MMP3, and TIMP1 expression was observed in the mucosa of the intestine of patients with active UC who responded to Golimumab therapy. In addition, results show a significant positive correlation between CCL3, MMP3, and TIMP1 expression and different immune cell types including dendritic cells, macrophages, CD8+ T cells, and neutrophils in patients with colon cancer. Moreover, CCL3, MMP3, and TIMP1 expression were strongly correlated with different immune cell markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study results show the involvement of hub genes like CCL3, MMP3, and TIMP1 in the pathogenesis of UC. These genes could serve as a novel pharmacological regulator of UC. These could be used as a therapeutic target for treating patients with UC and may serve as biomarkers for immune cell infiltration in colon cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1086898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T03:06:18Z","timestamp":1674097578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Identification of gene signatures associated with ulcerative colitis and the association with immune infiltrates in colon 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