{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:27:37Z","timestamp":1788582457203,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006242","name":"Universiti Malaysia Sabah","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GUG0502-2\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUG0502-2\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RACER\/1\/2019\/SKK08\/UMS\/\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RACER\/1\/2019\/SKK08\/UMS\/\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1091352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T05:25:04Z","timestamp":1679289904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Immunomodulation resulting of helminth infection could be an opportunity for immunization against tuberculosis and mucosal pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kai Ling","family":"Chin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Fonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boon Huat","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria E.","family":"Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Fact sheets: Tuberculosis","year":"2020"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Fact sheet: Soil-transmitted helminth infections","year":"2022"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Evaluating measures to control intestinal parasitic infections","volume":"45","author":"Bundy","year":"1992","journal-title":"World Health Stat Q"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.04.006","article-title":"Living with uncertainty","volume":"28","author":"Stillwaggon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32835210cd","article-title":"Epidemiology and immunology of helminth\u2013HIV interactions","volume":"7","author":"Webb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428593","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/428593","article-title":"Immunity against helminths: Interactions with the host and the intercurrent infections","volume":"2010","author":"Moreau","year":"2010","journal-title":"J BioMed Biotechnol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05040-11","article-title":"Helminth infections and host immune regulation","volume":"25","author":"McSorley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.07.005","article-title":"Helminth-tuberculosis co-infection: An immunologic perspective","volume":"37","author":"Babu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13944","article-title":"Regulation of immunity and allergy by helminth parasites","volume":"75","author":"Maizels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008069","article-title":"Interactions between helminths and tuberculosis infections: Implications for tuberculosis diagnosis and vaccination in Africa","volume":"14","author":"Cadmus","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B11","article-title":"Helminths: Pathogenesis and defenses","volume-title":"Medical microbiology","author":"Wakelin","year":"1996"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Helminth infections: Recognition and modulation of the immune response by innate immune cells664\n            MotranCC\n            SilvaneL\n            ChiapelloLS\n            TheumerMG\n            AmbrosioLF\n            VolpiniX\n          10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00664Front Immunol92018"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12194","article-title":"Looking beyond the induction of Th2 responses to explain immunomodulation by helminths","volume":"37","author":"Nutman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092276","article-title":"Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2): Type 2 immunity and helminth immunity","volume":"20","author":"Herbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nri978","article-title":"Alternative activation of macrophages","volume":"3","author":"Gordon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1183","article-title":"Immune regulation by helminth parasites: Cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Maizels","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/586717","article-title":"Intensity of intestinal infection with multiple worm species is related to regulatory cytokine output and immune hyporesponsiveness","volume":"197","author":"Turner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12480","article-title":"The innate immune response in human tuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"Lerner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2017.88","article-title":"Innate immunity in tuberculosis: Host defense vs pathogen evasion","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2017.1351080","article-title":"New findings of toll-like receptors involved in mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"111","author":"Faridgohar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-016-0470-1","article-title":"C-type lectin receptors in tuberculosis: What we know","volume":"205","author":"Goyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2010.10.004","article-title":"IL-17 and Th17 cells in tuberculosis","volume":"21","author":"Torrado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuz006","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of host cells in space and time","volume":"43","author":"Bussi","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00350","article-title":"Immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis: A narrative review","volume":"7","author":"de Martino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1781","article-title":"Foamy macrophages and the progression of the human tuberculosis granuloma","volume":"10","author":"Russell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02139","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"10","author":"Cardona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.131","article-title":"Acute helminth infection enhances early macrophage mediated control of mycobacterial infection","volume":"6","author":"du Plessis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000512279","article-title":"Helminth antigen exposure enhances early immune control of mycobacterium tuberculosis in monocytes and macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Togarsimalemath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02893","article-title":"Human hookworm infection enhances mycobacterial growth inhibition and associates with reduced risk of tuberculosis infection","volume":"9","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90096-4","article-title":"Eosinophilia and progression to active tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected ugandans","volume":"97","author":"Elliott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00973-16","article-title":"Anthelmintic therapy modifies the systemic and mycobacterial antigen-stimulated cytokine profile in helminth-latent mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection","volume":"85","author":"Anuradha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901127","article-title":"Helminth coinfection alters monocyte activation, polarization, and function in latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"204","author":"Rajamanickam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01864","article-title":"Review: Impact of helminth infection on antimycobacterial immunity - a focus on the macrophage","volume":"8","author":"Lang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000489","article-title":"Attenuation of toll-like receptor expression and function in latent tuberculosis by coexistent filarial infection with restoration following antifilarial chemotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Babu","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091473","article-title":"Preexisting helminth infection induces inhibition of innate pulmonary anti-tuberculosis defense by engaging the IL-4 receptor pathway","volume":"208","author":"Potian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77378","article-title":"Helminth-induced arginase-1 exacerbates lung inflammation and disease severity in tuberculosis","volume":"125","author":"Monin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa194","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis coinfection is associated with greater disease severity, higher bacterial burden, and elevated plasma matrix metalloproteinases in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"222","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.680665","article-title":"Helminth coinfection is associated with enhanced plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in tuberculous lymphadenitis","volume":"11","author":"Kathamuthu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03027.x","article-title":"A role for CD4+CD25+ T cells in regulation of the immune response during human tuberculosis","volume":"144","author":"Ribeiro-Rodrigues","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203311","article-title":"Modulation of mycobacterial-specific Th1 and Th17 cells in latent tuberculosis by coincident hookworm infection","volume":"190","author":"George","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599797","article-title":"Human type 1 and 17 responses in latent tuberculosis are modulated by coincident filarial infection through cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed death-1","volume":"200","author":"Babu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01578.x","article-title":"Are intestinal helminths risk factors for developing active tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Elias","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094603","article-title":"Incidence of active pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with coincident filarial and\/or intestinal helminth infections followed longitudinally in south India","volume":"9","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329438","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/329438","article-title":"Helminths: Immunoregulation and inflammatory diseases-which side are trichinella spp. and toxocara spp. on","volume":"2013","author":"Aranzamendi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005342","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical relevance of helminth co-infections among tuberculosis patients in urban Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"Mhimbira","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540110026656","article-title":"Helminths, human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis","volume":"33","author":"Borkow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0885","article-title":"Malnutrition and helminth infection affect performance of an interferon gamma-release assay","volume":"126","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545843","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T-cell response is increased, and treg cells decreased, in anthelmintic-treated patients with latent TB","volume":"46","author":"Toulza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-211","article-title":"Effect of ascaris lumbricoides specific IgE on tuberculin skin test responses in children in a high-burden setting: a cross-sectional community-based study","volume":"12","author":"van Soelen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03247.x","article-title":"Intestinal helminth co-infection has a negative impact on both anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis immunity and clinical response to tuberculosis therapy","volume":"147","author":"Resende Co","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2015.09.002","article-title":"Hookworm infection among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: Impact of co-infection on the therapeutic failure of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Hasanain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.09.006","article-title":"Effects of albendazole on the clinical outcome and immunological responses in helminth co-infected tuberculosis patients: A double blind randomised clinical trial","volume":"45","author":"Abate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112335","article-title":"Overcoming the prokaryote\/eukaryote barrier in tuberculosis treatment: A prospect for the repurposing and use of antiparasitic drugs","volume":"9","author":"Ezquerra-Azn\u00e1rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B54","article-title":"BCG vaccine fact sheet","volume-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2016"},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"Poor immunogenicity of BCG in helminth infected population is associated with increased in vitro TGF-\u03b2 production\n            EliasD\n            BrittonS\n            AseffaA\n            EngersH\n            AkuffoH\n          10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.083Vaccine262008"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.5","article-title":"The surprising discovery that TGF\u03b2 specifically induces the IgA class switch","volume":"182","author":"Stavnezer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno2040036","article-title":"Harnessing nasal immunity with IgA to prevent respiratory infections","volume":"2","author":"Joseph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immuno"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00583-2","article-title":"Mucosal vaccines-fortifying the frontiers","volume":"22","author":"Lavelle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw066","article-title":"Maternal helminth infection is associated with higher infant immunoglobulin a titers to antigen in orally administered vaccines","volume":"213","author":"Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2022.08.003","article-title":"The role of IgA in gastrointestinal helminthiasis: A systematic review","volume":"249","author":"Ramos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1692657","article-title":"Mucosal delivery of tuberculosis vaccines: A review of current approaches and challenges","volume":"18","author":"Stylianou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2006.12.006","article-title":"Should a new tuberculosis vaccine be administered intranasally","volume":"87","author":"K\u00e4llenius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"B63","article-title":"Inhalable vaccines for TB","volume-title":"The art & science of tuberculosis vaccine development","author":"Laddy","year":"2014"},{"key":"B64","first-page":"999","article-title":"Respiratory mucosal immunization against pulmonary TB","volume-title":"The art & science of tuberculosis vaccine development","author":"Xing","year":"2014"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2017.02.003","article-title":"Variable BCG efficacy in rhesus populations: Pulmonary BCG provides protection where standard intra-dermal vaccination fails","volume":"104","author":"Verreck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0319-9","article-title":"Prevention of tuberculosis infection and disease by local BCG in repeatedly exposed rhesus macaques","volume":"25","author":"Dijkman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.01.068","article-title":"Can what have we learnt about BCG vaccination in the last 20 years help us to design a better tuberculosis vaccine","volume":"40","author":"Dockrell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.155655","article-title":"Aerosol delivery, but not intramuscular injection, of adenovirus-vectored tuberculosis vaccine induces respiratory-mucosal immunity in humans","volume":"7","author":"Jeyanathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-14-S1-S3","article-title":"Passive administration of purified secretory IgA from human colostrum induces protection against mycobacterium tuberculosis in a murine model of progressive pulmonary infection","volume":"14","author":"Alvarez","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.10.007","article-title":"Induction of a protective response with an IgA monoclonal antibody against mycobacterium tuberculosis 16kDa protein in a model of progressive pulmonary infection","volume":"299","author":"Lopez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1091352\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T05:25:12Z","timestamp":1679289912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1091352\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1091352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1091352","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"article-number":"1091352"}}