{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:53:32Z","timestamp":1790762012852,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000862","name":"Doris Duke Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persons with HIV (PWH) on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) have a higher incidence and prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases attributed, in part, to persistent inflammation despite viral suppression. In addition to traditional risk factors, immune responses to co-infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) may play an unappreciated role in cardiometabolic comorbidities and offer new potential therapeutic targets in a subgroup of individuals. We assessed the relationship of CX3CR1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, GPR56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and CD57<jats:sup>+\/-<\/jats:sup> T cells (termed CGC<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) with comorbid conditions in a cohort of 134 PWH co-infected with CMV on long-term ART. We found that PWH with cardiometabolic diseases (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, calcified coronary arteries, or diabetes) had higher circulating CGC<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells compared to metabolically healthy PWH. The traditional risk factor most correlated with CGC<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell frequency was fasting blood glucose, as well as starch\/sucrose metabolites. While unstimulated CGC<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, like other memory T cells, depend on oxidative phosphorylation for energy, they exhibited higher expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A compared to other CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell subsets, suggesting a potentially greater capacity for fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation. Lastly, we show that CMV-specific T cells against multiple viral epitopes are predominantly CGC<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>. Together, this study suggests that among PWH, CGC<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells are frequently CMV-specific and are associated with diabetes, coronary arterial calcium, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Future studies should assess whether anti-CMV therapies could reduce cardiometabolic disease risk in some individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1099356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T19:08:10Z","timestamp":1676401690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["CD4+ T cells expressing CX3CR1, GPR56, with variable CD57 are associated with cardiometabolic diseases in persons with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Celestine N.","family":"Wanjalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curtis L.","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubaida","family":"Fuseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Bailin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Mashayekhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Oakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rama","family":"Gangula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Wilfong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Priest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tecla","family":"Temu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan W.","family":"Newell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Pakala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyros A.","family":"Kalams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Gianella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon A.","family":"Mallal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Koethe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-018-0411-2","article-title":"Inflammation and metabolic complications in HIV","volume":"15","author":"Bourgi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0219-9","article-title":"HIV Infection and coronary heart disease: Mechanisms and management","volume":"16","author":"Hsue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis406","article-title":"HIV Status, burden of comorbid disease, and biomarkers of inflammation, altered coagulation, and monocyte activation","volume":"55","author":"Armah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152588","article-title":"D-dimer levels before HIV seroconversion remain elevated even after viral suppression and are associated with an increased risk of non-AIDS events","volume":"11","author":"Freiberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000354","article-title":"Interleukin-6, high sensitivity c-reactive protein, and the development of type 2 diabetes among HIV-positive patients taking antiretroviral therapy","volume":"67","author":"B\u00e9t\u00e9n\u00e9 A Dooko","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3280118a0d","article-title":"The association between hepatitis c infection and prevalent cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected individuals","volume":"21","author":"Freiberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07339-7","article-title":"Association between hepatitis c virus seropositivity, carotid-artery plaque, and intima-media thickening","volume":"359","author":"Ishizaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu417","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus coinfection is associated with an increased risk of severe non-AIDS-defining events in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients","volume":"211","author":"Lichtner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.02.005","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus persistence and T-cell immunosenescence in people aged fifty and older: A systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Weltevrede","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005832","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection leads to development of high frequencies of cytotoxic virus-specific CD4+ T cells targeted to vascular endothelium","volume":"12","author":"Pachnio","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.12.7481","article-title":"Herpesvirus-specific CD8 T cell immunity in old age: Cytomegalovirus impairs the response to a coresident EBV infection","volume":"173","author":"Khan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-04-079863","article-title":"CD4+ T cells specific for glycoprotein b from cytomegalovirus exhibit extreme conservation of T-cell receptor usage between different individuals","volume":"111","author":"Crompton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700851","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus (CMV) epitope-specific CD4(+) T cells are inflated in HIV(+) CMV(+) subjects","volume":"199","author":"Abana","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652438","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in the united states: the national health and nutrition examination surveys, 1988-2004","volume":"50","author":"Bate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-015-0056-6","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus viral load within blood increases markedly in healthy people over the age of 70 years","volume":"13","author":"Parry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007890","article-title":"Life-long control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) by T resident memory cells in the adipose tissue results in inflammation and hyperglycemia","volume":"15","author":"Contreras","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100205","article-title":"Single-cell analysis shows that adipose tissue of persons with both HIV and diabetes is enriched for clonal, cytotoxic, and CMV-specific CD4+ T cells","volume":"2","author":"Wanjalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315786","article-title":"Anticytomegalovirus CD4 + T cells are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in persons with HIV","volume":"41","author":"Wanjalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151684","article-title":"Association of cytomegalovirus end-organ disease with stroke in people living with HIV\/AIDS: A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Yen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890420107","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus\/herpesvirus and carotid atherosclerosis: the ARIC study","volume":"42","author":"Sorlie","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.5.922","article-title":"Cohort study of cytomegalovirus infection as a risk factor for carotid intimal-medial thickening, a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis","volume":"94","author":"Nieto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000044940.65226.1f","article-title":"Multiple infections and subsequent cardiovascular events in the heart outcomes prevention evaluation (HOPE) study","volume":"107","author":"Smieja","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12430","article-title":"CMV seropositivity and T-cell senescence predict increased cardiovascular mortality in octogenarians: Results from the Newcastle 85+ study","volume":"15","author":"Spyridopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4933-9-23","article-title":"CMV and immunosenescence: from basics to clinics","volume":"9","author":"Solana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa480","article-title":"Associations of cytomegalovirus infection with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in multiple observational cohort studies of older adults","volume":"223","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00408","article-title":"Adipose tissue in persons with HIV is enriched for CD4","volume":"10","author":"Wanjalla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy493","article-title":"Subclinical reactivation of cytomegalovirus drives CD4+CD28null T-cell expansion and impaired immune response to pneumococcal vaccination in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"219","author":"Chanouzas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir060","article-title":"Valganciclovir reduces T cell activation in HIV-infected individuals with incomplete CD4+ T cell recovery on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"203","author":"Hunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0651-8","article-title":"Single-cell metabolic profiling of human cytotoxic T cells","volume":"39","author":"Hartmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1695","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis and ectopic fat are associated with differences in subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression in people with HIV","volume":"5","author":"Gabriel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Unit10.17","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142956.cy1017s53","article-title":"Web-based analysis and publication of flow cytometry experiments","volume":"10","author":"Kotecha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Cytom"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28791-2","article-title":"A universal live cell barcoding-platform for multiplexed human single cell analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hartmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1247651","article-title":"Massively parallel single-cell RNA-seq for marker-free decomposition of tissues into cell types","volume":"343","author":"Jaitin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.006","article-title":"Full-length RNA-seq from single cells using smart-seq2","volume":"9","author":"Picelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qad.0000000000003196","article-title":"Interleukin-17A is associated with flow-mediated dilation and interleukin-4 with carotid plaque in persons with HIV","volume":"36","author":"Wanjalla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.11.007","article-title":"SCENITH: A flow cytometry-based method to functionally profile energy metabolism with single-cell resolution","volume":"32","author":"Arg\u00fcello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.642012","article-title":"Visual genomics analysis studio as a tool to analyze multiomic data","volume":"12","author":"Hertzman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-128","article-title":"Enrichr: interactive and collaborative HTML5 gene list enrichment analysis tool","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.90","article-title":"Gene set knowledge discovery with enrichr","volume":"1","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Protoc"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw377","article-title":"Enrichr: a comprehensive gene set enrichment analysis web server 2016 update","volume":"44","author":"Kuleshov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B41","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","volume-title":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing","year":"2021"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.12.8415","article-title":"Functional and phenotypic characterization of CD57+CD4+ T cells and their association with HIV-1-induced T cell dysfunction","volume":"175","author":"Palmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-07-2103","article-title":"Expression of CD57 defines replicative senescence and antigen-induced apoptotic death of CD8+ T cells","volume":"101","author":"Brenchley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1494-4","article-title":"T-Cell senescence contributes to abnormal glucose homeostasis in humans and mice","volume":"10","author":"Yi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qad.0000000000003137","article-title":"Circulating CD4+ TEMRA and CD4+ CD28- T cells and incident diabetes among persons with and without HIV","volume":"36","author":"Bailin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2307","article-title":"Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm196910092811503","article-title":"Plasma amino acid levels and insulin secretion in obesity","volume":"281","author":"Felig","year":"1969","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.114.013116","article-title":"Metabolite profiling and cardiovascular event risk: A prospective study of 3 population-based cohorts","volume":"131","author":"W\u00fcrtz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13067","article-title":"Mitochondrial mass governs the extent of human T cell senescence","volume":"19","author":"Callender","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12655","article-title":"Fatty acid metabolism in CD8","volume":"283","author":"Raud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6692","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7692","article-title":"PD-1 alters T-cell metabolic reprogramming by inhibiting glycolysis and promoting lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation","volume":"6","author":"Patsoukis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/607276","article-title":"Interplay between human cytomegalovirus and intrinsic\/innate host responses: A complex bidirectional relationship","volume":"2012","author":"Rossini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.10.031","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus immunity and immune evasion","volume":"157","author":"Jackson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0049-7","article-title":"Natural variation in the parameters of innate immune cells is preferentially driven by genetic factors","volume":"19","author":"Patin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.38","article-title":"T Cell responses to cytomegalovirus","volume":"16","author":"Klenerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8886","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008886","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells persist at very high levels during long-term antiretroviral treatment of HIV disease","volume":"5","author":"Naeger","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.3.1151","article-title":"Clonotypic structure of the human CD4+ memory T cell response to cytomegalovirus","volume":"167","author":"Bitmansour","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800217","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus exposure in the elderly does not reduce CD8 T cell repertoire diversity","volume":"202","author":"Lindau","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900734","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus coinfection is associated with increased vascular-homing CD57","volume":"204","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425534","article-title":"Evolution of diverse antiviral CD8+ T cell populations after murine cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"35","author":"Sierro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000163931.68907.7e","article-title":"HIV Patients on antiretroviral therapy have high frequencies of CD8 T cells specific for immediate early protein-1 of cytomegalovirus","volume":"19","author":"Stone","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17119.1","article-title":"CD28null CD4 T-cell expansions in autoimmune disease suggest a link with cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"8","author":"Bano","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix080","article-title":"CMV-specific T-cell responses at older ages: Broad responses with a Large central memory component may be key to long-term survival","volume":"215","author":"Bajwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2004.01.002","article-title":"T-Cell senescence: A culprit of immune abnormalities in chronic inflammation and persistent infection","volume":"10","author":"Vallejo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000131450.66017.b3","article-title":"CD4+CD28- T lymphocytes contribute to early atherosclerotic damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"109","author":"Gerli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.100.21.2135","article-title":"Perturbation of the T-cell repertoire in patients with unstable angina","volume":"100","author":"Liuzzo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.101.25.2883","article-title":"Monoclonal T-cell proliferation and plaque instability in acute coronary syndromes","volume":"101","author":"Liuzzo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.06.040","article-title":"Unusual CD4+CD28null T lymphocytes and recurrence of acute coronary events","volume":"50","author":"Liuzzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1099356\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T19:08:17Z","timestamp":1676401697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1099356\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1099356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1099356","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"article-number":"1099356"}}