{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:59:14Z","timestamp":1753891154362,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rate of seroconversion after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis requiring systemic treatment is poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this prospective single-center cohort study performed between May 2020 and October 2021 was to determine the rate of seroconversion after COVID-19 vaccination in patients under active systemic treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inclusion criteria were systemic treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis, known COVID-19 vaccination status, and repetitive anti-SARS-CoV-2-S IgG serum quantification. The primary outcome was the rate of anti-SARS-CoV-2-S IgG seroconversion after complete COVID-19 vaccination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>77 patients with a median age of 55.9 years undergoing systemic treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis were included. The majority of patients received interleukin- (n=50, 64.9%) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 inhibitors (n=16, 20.8%) as systemic treatment for psoriasis; nine patients (11.7%) were treated with methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy, and one patient each received dimethyl fumarate (1.3%), respectively apremilast (1.3%). All included patients completed COVID-19 vaccination with two doses over the course of the study. Serum testing revealed that 74 patients (96.1%) showed an anti-SARS-CoV-2-S IgG seroconversion. While all patients on IL-17A, -12 or -12\/23 inhibitors (n=50) achieved seroconversion, three of 16 patients (18.8%) receiving MTX and\/or a TNF-\u03b1 inhibitor as main anti-psoriatic treatment did not. At follow-up, none of the patients had developed symptomatic COVID-19 or died from COVID-19.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti-SARS-CoV-2-S IgG seroconversion rates following COVID-19 vaccination in psoriasis patients under systemic treatment were high. An impaired serological response, however, was observed in patients receiving MTX and\/or TNF-\u03b1 inhibitors, in particular infliximab.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1107438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T09:59:41Z","timestamp":1678960781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["COVID-19 vaccination in psoriasis patients receiving systemic treatment: A prospective single-center study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Georg Christian","family":"Lodde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Krefting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan-Malte","family":"Placke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Fiedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Dittmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen Christian","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"H\u00f6lsken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Schadendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selma","family":"Ugurel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wiebke","family":"Sondermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1252022","article-title":"[Epidemiology of psoriasis in Germany\u2013analysis of secondary health insurance data]","volume":"73","author":"Schafer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32549-6","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"397","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12437","article-title":"Psoriasis: to treat or to manage","volume":"23","author":"Mrowietz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00579","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and cardiovascular comorbidity in psoriasis patients: Causes and consequences","volume":"9","author":"Boehncke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2011.01261.x","article-title":"The 'psoriatic march': a concept of how severe psoriasis may drive cardiovascular comorbidity","volume":"20","author":"Boehncke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08707.x","article-title":"Incidence of risk factors for myocardial infarction and other vascular diseases in patients with psoriasis","volume":"159","author":"Kaye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.06.053","article-title":"Meta-analysis of psoriasis, cardiovascular disease, and associated risk factors","volume":"69","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2015.06.024","article-title":"Metabolic comorbidities and hypertension in psoriasis patients in france. comparisons with French national databases","volume":"143","author":"Phan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04108.x","article-title":"Psoriasis and hypertension: a case-control study","volume":"26","author":"Armesto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0741","article-title":"Psoriasis and hypertension: a case-control study","volume":"90","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.48","article-title":"Psoriasis and the risk of diabetes and hypertension: a prospective study of US female nurses","volume":"145","author":"Qureshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/crd.0000000000000048","article-title":"The heartbreak of psoriasis: a review of cardiovascular risk in patients with psoriasis","volume":"23","author":"Benson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.08.013","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk and psoriasis: beyond the traditional risk factors","volume":"127","author":"Coumbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.113.000062","article-title":"Psoriasis and major adverse cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"2","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2008.02936.x","article-title":"Increased carotid artery intima-media thickness and impaired endothelial function in psoriasis","volume":"23","author":"Balci","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12595","article-title":"The association of metabolic syndrome and psoriasis: a population- and hospital-based cross-sectional study","volume":"29","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12490","article-title":"Quantifying cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with psoriasis: a meta-analysis","volume":"169","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.15.1670","article-title":"Obesity, waist circumference, weight change, and the risk of psoriasis in women: Nurses' health study II","volume":"167","author":"Setty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B19","article-title":"Obesity: a key component of psoriasis","volume":"86","author":"Correia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.01.004","article-title":"Patients with psoriasis are insulin resistant","volume":"72","author":"Gyldenlove","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.6262","article-title":"Association of psoriasis with the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity","volume":"152","author":"L\u00f8nnberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket343","article-title":"Diabetes incidence in psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis: a UK population-based cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Dubreuil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13288","article-title":"Elevated odds of metabolic syndrome in psoriasis: a population-based study of age and sex differences","volume":"172","author":"Danielsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2016.11.009","article-title":"Association of psoriasis and metabolic syndrome in Latin America: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Rodriguez-Zuniga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-014-0074-8","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome prevalence in psoriasis: a cross-sectional study in the Italian population","volume":"15","author":"Parodi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09941.x","article-title":"Cause-specific mortality in patients with severe psoriasis: a population-based cohort study in the U.K","volume":"163","author":"Abuabara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.143.12.1493","article-title":"The risk of mortality in patients with psoriasis: results from a population-based study","volume":"143","author":"Gelfand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3109\/09546634.2015.1044492","article-title":"A multicenter, non-interventional study to evaluate patient-reported experiences of living with psoriasis","volume":"27","author":"Pariser","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.08.004","article-title":"The relationship between psoriasis and depression: A multiple mediation model","volume":"19","author":"\u0141akuta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"adv00609","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v101.565","article-title":"Common fundamentals of psoriasis and depression","volume":"101","author":"H\u00f6lsken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14460","article-title":"Depression and suicidality in psoriasis: review of the literature including the cytokine theory of depression","volume":"31","author":"Koo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.3605","article-title":"Psoriasis and the risk of depression in the US population: National health and nutrition examination survey 2009-2012","volume":"152","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.14508","article-title":"German S3-guideline on the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris, adapted from EuroGuiDerm - part 1: Treatment goals and treatment recommendations","volume":"19","author":"Nast","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051690","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of biologics for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis and their impact on comorbidities: A literature review","volume":"21","author":"Kamata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102383","article-title":"Bimekizumab versus secukinumab in plaque psoriasis","volume":"385","author":"Reich","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19341","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of risankizumab vs. secukinumab in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis (IMMerge): results from a phase III, randomized, open-label, efficacy-assessor-blinded clinical trial","volume":"184","author":"Warren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14096","article-title":"Safety of biologics in psoriasis","volume":"45","author":"Kamata","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17036","article-title":"Infliximab is associated with an increased risk of serious infection in patients with psoriasis in the U.K. and republic of Ireland: results from the British association of dermatologists biologic interventions register (BADBIR)","volume":"180","author":"Yiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13539","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis infection in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: evidence from the Italian psocare registry","volume":"172","author":"Gisondi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.03.023","article-title":"National psoriasis foundation consensus statement on screening for latent tuberculosis infection in patients with psoriasis treated with systemic and biologic agents","volume":"59","author":"Doherty","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.2599","article-title":"Association between biologics use and risk of serious infection in patients with psoriasis","volume":"157","author":"Penso","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101018","article-title":"Comparison of IgG and neutralizing antibody responses after one or two doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in previously infected and uninfected individuals","volume":"38","author":"Demonbreun","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101765","article-title":"BNT162b2 mRNA covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting","volume":"384","author":"Dagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2665-9913(21)00212-5","article-title":"The effect of methotrexate and targeted immunosuppression on humoral and cellular immune responses to the COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2: a cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Mahil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00360-X","article-title":"Immunity after COVID-19 vaccinations in immunocompromised patients with psoriasis","volume":"4","author":"Boekel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.08.1551","article-title":"1558O COVID-19 vaccine in participants (ptcpts) with cancer: Subgroup analysis of efficacy\/safety from a global phase III randomized trial of the BNT162b2 (tozinameran) mRNA vaccine","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"Khoury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2114583","article-title":"Waning immune humoral response to BNT162b2 covid-19 vaccine over 6 months","volume":"385","author":"Levin","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00333-7","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immunogenicity to a second dose of COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 in people receiving methotrexate or targeted immunosuppression: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Mahil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15347","article-title":"Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in patients with psoriasis treated with biologics","volume":"47","author":"Marovt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.961904","article-title":"Immunogenicity of three doses of anti-SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in psoriasis patients treated with biologics","volume":"9","author":"Graceffa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15408","article-title":"Seroconversion after anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations among moderate-to-severe psoriatic patients receiving systemic biologicals-prospective observational cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Piros","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20479","article-title":"Antibody responses to single-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients receiving immunomodulators for immune-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"185","author":"Al-Janabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00247-2","article-title":"COVID-19 and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: effect of disease and treatment on COVID-19 outcomes and vaccine responses","volume":"3","author":"Fagni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(22)00191-6","article-title":"Intensity and longevity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination response in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease: a prospective cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Simon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220461","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccination responses in untreated, conventionally treated and anticytokine-treated patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"80","author":"Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153740","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of methotrexate in psoriasis: A meta-analysis of published trials","volume":"11","author":"West","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220647","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases and in the general population: a multicentre study","volume":"80","author":"Furer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220597","article-title":"Methotrexate hampers immunogenicity to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in immune-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"80","author":"Haberman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221244","article-title":"Impact of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on vaccine immunogenicity in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"80","author":"Friedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker389","article-title":"Protective effect of A\/H1N1 vaccination in immune-mediated disease\u2013a prospectively controlled vaccination study","volume":"51","author":"Adler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211128","article-title":"Effect of methotrexate discontinuation on efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez045","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of tetanus\/diphtheria vaccination in patients with rheumatic diseases-a prospective multi-centre cohort study","volume":"58","author":"Buhler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-018-0019-6","article-title":"Antibody response to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is not impaired in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or primary sjogren's syndrome without disease modifying treatment","volume":"2","author":"Nived","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2020.1732459","article-title":"Pneumococcal antibody protection in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases with varying vaccination status","volume":"49","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-019-02905-1","article-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt gesundheitsforschung gesundheitsschutz","volume":"62","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsbl"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2009.12.001","article-title":"A decade of infliximab: The Austrian evidence based consensus on the safe use of infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"4","author":"Miehsler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.08.008","article-title":"Infliximab and\/or immunomodulators inhibit immune responses to trivalent influenza vaccination in adults with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Hagihara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000615","article-title":"Immunogenicity of influenza vaccine for patients with inflammatory bowel disease on maintenance infliximab therapy: A randomized trial","volume":"22","author":"deBruyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21800","article-title":"Effects of immunosuppression on immune response to pneumococcal vaccine in inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study","volume":"18","author":"Fiorino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13001","article-title":"Treatment with infliximab or azathioprine negatively impact the efficacy of hepatitis b vaccine in inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"30","author":"Andrade","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2708.211145","article-title":"Delayed antibody and T-cell response to BNT162b2 vaccination in the elderly, Germany","volume":"27","author":"Schwarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.02.026","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination in patients with diabetes mellitus: Current concepts, uncertainties and challenges","volume":"15","author":"Pal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17608","article-title":"Humoral response rate and predictors of response to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID19 vaccine in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"195","author":"Avivi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B75","unstructured":"Epidemiologisches bulletin. STIKO: 24. aktualisierung der COVID-19-Impfempfehlung2022"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2665-9913(22)00034-0","article-title":"Humoral responses after second and third SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disorders on immunosuppressants: a cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Wieske","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068632","article-title":"Efficacy of covid-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"376","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B78","unstructured":"S1-leitlinie SARS-CoV-2 pr\u00e4-expositionsprophylaxe 20222022"},{"key":"B79","unstructured":"Ronapreve (casirivimab and imdevimab) an overview of ronapreve and why it is authorised in the EU2022"},{"key":"B80","unstructured":"Evusheld (tixagevimab \/ cilgavimab) an overview of evusheld and why it is authorised in the EU2022"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04594-4","article-title":"Antibody evasion properties of SARS-CoV-2 omicron sublineages","volume":"604","author":"Iketani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01792-5","article-title":"Serum neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 omicron sublineages BA.1 and BA.2 in patients receiving monoclonal antibodies","volume":"28","author":"Bruel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2201933","article-title":"Efficacy of antiviral agents against the SARS-CoV-2 omicron subvariant BA.2","volume":"386","author":"Takashita","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1107438\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T09:59:53Z","timestamp":1678960793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1107438\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1107438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1107438","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-3224"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"article-number":"1107438"}}