{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:53:15Z","timestamp":1777661595005,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is defined as a complex of diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>, which comprises 20 parasite species pathogenic to mammalians, such as humans and dogs. From a clinical point of view, and considering the diversity and biological complexity of the parasites, vectors, and vertebrate hosts, leishmaniasis is classified according to the distinct clinical manifestations, such as tegumentary (involving the cutaneous, mucosal, and cutaneous-diffuse forms) and visceral leishmaniasis. Many issues and challenges remain unaddressed, which could be attributed to the complexity and diversity of the disease. The current demand for the identification of new <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> antigenic targets for the development of multicomponent-based vaccines, as well as for the production of specific diagnostic tests, is evident. In recent years, biotechnological tools have allowed the identification of several <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> biomarkers that might potentially be used for diagnosis and have an application in vaccine development. In this Mini Review, we discuss the different aspects of this complex disease that have been addressed by technologies such as immunoproteomics and phage display. It is extremely important to be aware of the potential applications of antigens selected in different screening context, so that they can be used appropriately, so understanding their performance, characteristics, and self-limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1112894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T06:19:05Z","timestamp":1675837145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Immunoproteomics and phage display in the context of leishmaniasis complexity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Ludolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda F.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo A. F.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Global leishmaniasis update, 2006\u20132015: A turning point in leishmaniasis surveillance2017"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.0.14556","article-title":"Vaccines for leishmaniasis: From proteome to vaccine candidates","volume":"7","author":"Schroeder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2018.1532790","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis elimination targets in India, strategies for preventing resurgence","volume":"16","author":"Sundar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-021-00232-7","article-title":"A review of leishmaniasis: Current knowledge and future directions","volume":"8","author":"Mann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(02)90044-1","article-title":"Mechanisms of pathogenesis: differences amongst leishmania species","author":"Colmenares","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.847797","article-title":"Major molecular factors related to leishmania pathogenicity","volume":"13","author":"Al-Khalaifah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991156","article-title":"Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"136","author":"Quinnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15651-8","article-title":"Clinical and immunopathological findings during long term follow-up in leishmania infantum experimentally infected dogs","volume":"7","author":"Abbehusen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2608","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: Complexity at the host-pathogen interface","volume":"9","author":"Kaye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1459191","article-title":"Vaccine candidates against leishmania under current research","volume":"17","author":"Iborra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105173","article-title":"An overview of leishmanization experience: A successful control measure and a tool to evaluate candidate vaccines","volume":"200","author":"Mohebali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.11.004","article-title":"Live attenuated vaccines, a favorable strategy to provide long-term immunity against protozoan diseases","volume":"38","author":"Solana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001430","article-title":"Identification of proteins in promastigote and amastigote-like leishmania using an immunoproteomic approach","volume":"6","author":"Coelho","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/427655ac-c278-41f5-95ca-6279c562752f","article-title":"Correction: Antigenicity and protective efficacy of a leishmania amastigote-specific protein, member of the super-oxygenase family, against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110014","article-title":"Mimotope-based vaccines of leishmania infantum antigens and their protective efficacy against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0120-2016","article-title":"Recent updates and perspectives on approaches for the development of vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"49","author":"Duarte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2016.09.015","article-title":"A vaccine composed of a hypothetical protein and the eukaryotic initiation factor 5a from leishmania braziliensis cross-protection against leishmania amazonensis infection","volume":"222","author":"Duarte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00108-17","article-title":"Not all antigens are created equally: Progress, challenges, and lessons associated with developing a vaccine for leishmaniasis","volume":"24","author":"Duthie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.12.025","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a new leishmania hypothetical protein applied as a DNA vaccine or in a recombinant form against leishmania infantum infection","volume":"106","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.09.002","article-title":"Corrigendum to \"Leishmania infantum pyridoxal kinase evaluated in a recombinant protein and DNA vaccine to protects against visceral leishmaniasis\"","volume":"124","author":"Oliveira-da-Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.05.095","article-title":"Protective immunity against challenge with leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in beagle dogs vaccinated with recombinant A2 protein","volume":"26","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185438","article-title":"Field trial of efficacy of the leish-tec\u00ae vaccine against canine leishmaniasis caused by leishmania infantum in an endemic area with high transmission rates","volume":"12","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001683","article-title":"Use of a LiESP\/QA-21 vaccine (CaniLeish) stimulates an appropriate Th1-dominated cell-mediated immune response in dogs","volume":"6","author":"Moreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003213","article-title":"A randomised, double-blind, controlled efficacy trial of the LiESP\/QA-21 vaccine in na\u00efve dogs exposed to two leishmania infantum transmission seasons [published correction appears in PLoS negl trop dis. 2014 Nov;8(11):e3408]","volume":"8","author":"Oliva","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-69","article-title":"The protective immune response produced in dogs after primary vaccination with the LiESP\/QA-21 vaccine (CaniLeish\u00ae) remains effective against an experimental challenge one year later","volume":"45","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.111","article-title":"A large-scale field randomized trial demonstrates safety and efficacy of the vaccine LetiFend\u00ae against canine leishmaniosis","volume":"36","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez Cotrina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"Target product profile for a point-of-care diagnostic test for dermal leishmaniases2022"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-015-0114-z","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: recent developments in diagnosis and management","volume":"16","author":"de Vries","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00788-y","article-title":"Leishmaniasis immunopathology\u2013impact on design and use of vaccines, diagnostics and drugs","volume":"42","author":"Kaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.9.5.951-958.2002","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Sundar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342057","article-title":"Noninvasive management of Indian visceral leishmaniasis: clinical application of diagnosis by K39 antigen strip testing at a kala-azar referral unit","volume":"35","author":"Sundar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00473-10","article-title":"Persistence of leishmania donovani antibodies in past visceral leishmaniasis cases in India","volume":"18","author":"Gidwani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001665","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of serologic and molecular methods for detecting visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infected patients: meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Cota","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S143929","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection: current perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Lindoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"HIV AIDS."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000083915","article-title":"Cross-reaction of sera from patients with various infectious diseases with leishmania infantum","volume":"14","author":"Kohanteb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1369-5274(00)00119-3","article-title":"Reverse vaccinology","volume":"3","author":"Rappuoli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02776","article-title":"Editorial: Reverse vaccinology","volume":"10","author":"Moxon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmw167","article-title":"Proteomics: Technologies and their applications","volume":"55","author":"Aslam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Chromatogr Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03939.x","article-title":"Developing vaccines in the era of genomics: A decade of reverse vaccinology","author":"Seib","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38330","article-title":"Vaccinology in the genome era","volume":"119","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-018-0986-y","article-title":"Using proteomics as a powerful tool to develop a vaccine against Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"42","author":"Rashidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2011.05.040","article-title":"Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in proteomics: a tutorial","volume":"74","author":"Rabilloud","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Proteomics."},{"key":"B44","article-title":"Proteomics approaches towards antigen discovery and vaccine development","volume":"4","author":"Klade","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Mol Ther"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9597-4_3","article-title":"Classical immunoproteomics: Serological proteome analysis (SERPA) for antigen identification","volume":"2024","author":"Fulton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunoproteomics"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.R300013-MCP200","article-title":"Immunoproteomics: Mass spectrometry-based methods to study the targets of the immune response","volume":"3","author":"Purcell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics MCP"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/critrevimmunol.v30.i2.70","article-title":"Biomarkers for serum diagnosis of infectious diseases and their potential application in novel sensor platforms","volume":"30","author":"Goulart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1021\/cr960065d","article-title":"Phage display","volume":"97","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.122945.111","article-title":"Chromosome and gene copy number variation allow major structural change between species and strains of leishmania","volume":"21","author":"Rogers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.1c00244","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of the promastigote secretome of seven leishmania species","volume":"21","author":"Pissarra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00465-15","article-title":"Proteins selected in leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis by an immunoproteomic approach with potential serodiagnosis applications for tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"22","author":"Duarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2016.05.017","article-title":"A proteomic road to acquire an accurate serological diagnosis for human tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"151","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Proteomics."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000714","article-title":"Screening diagnostic candidates from leishmania infantum proteins for human visceral leishmaniasis using an immunoproteomics approach","volume":"146","author":"Lage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108065","article-title":"Identification of immunodominant proteins of leishmania infantum by immunoproteomics to evaluate a recombinant multi-epitope designed antigen for serodiagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"222","author":"Heidari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020000578","article-title":"An immunoproteomics approach to identify leishmania infantum proteins to be applied for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection","volume":"147","author":"Machado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000040","article-title":"Mapping the antigenicity of the parasites in leishmania donovani infection by proteome serology","volume":"1","author":"Forgber","year":"2006","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30546-y","article-title":"Immunoproteomic identification and characterization of leishmania membrane proteins as non-invasive diagnostic candidates for clinical visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Ejazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001687","article-title":"Immunodominant antigens of leishmania chagasi associated with protection against human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"6","author":"Ab\u00e1nades","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00583-13","article-title":"Subtractive phage display selection from canine visceral leishmaniasis identifies novel epitopes that mimic leishmania infantum antigens with potential serodiagnosis applications","volume":"21","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0747-z","article-title":"Use of phage display technology in development of canine visceral leishmaniasis vaccine using synthetic peptide trapped in sphingomyelin\/cholesterol liposomes","volume":"8","author":"Toledo-Machado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.11.012","article-title":"Leishmania infantum mimotopes and a phage-ELISA assay as tools for a sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"87","author":"Salles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2576-8","article-title":"Selection strategy of phage-displayed immunogens based on an in vitro evaluation of the Th1 response of PBMCs and their potential use as a vaccine against leishmania infantum infection","volume":"10","author":"Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021001505","article-title":"Diagnostic application of sensitive and specific phage-exposed epitopes for visceral leishmaniasis and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection","volume":"148","author":"Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5871043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104283","article-title":"Synthetic peptides as potential antigens for cutaneous leishmaniosis diagnosis","volume":"2017","author":"Link","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001403","article-title":"High-through identification of T cell-specific phage-exposed mimotopes using PBMCs from tegumentary leishmaniasis patients and their use as vaccine candidates against leishmania amazonensis infection","volume":"146","author":"Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.200780017","article-title":"Proteomic approaches for discovery of new targets for vaccine and therapeutics against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"2","author":"Kumari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin Appl"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002764","article-title":"Identification of differentially expressed proteins from leishmania amazonensis associated with the loss of virulence of the parasites","volume":"8","author":"Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5397-y","article-title":"Evaluation of a hypothetical protein for serodiagnosis and as a potential marker for post-treatment serological evaluation of tegumentary leishmaniasis patients","volume":"116","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.03.024","article-title":"Performance of leishmania braziliensis enolase protein for the serodiagnosis of canine and human visceral leishmaniosis","volume":"238","author":"Duarte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.03.008","article-title":"Probing the efficacy of a heterologous Leishmania\/L. viannia braziliensis recombinant enolase as a candidate vaccine to restrict the development of l. infantum in BALB\/c mice","volume":"171","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103783","article-title":"Recombinant leishmania eukaryotic elongation factor-1 beta protein: A potential diagnostic antigen to detect tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis in dogs and humans","volume":"137","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106521","article-title":"Mapping linear b-cell epitopes of the tryparedoxin peroxidase and its implications in the serological diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"232","author":"Medeiros","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106126","article-title":"Potential of recombinant LiHyQ, a novel leishmania infantum protein, for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis and as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for human leishmaniasis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection: A preliminary study","volume":"224","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104283","article-title":"Biotechnological applications from a leishmania amastigote-specific hypothetical protein in the canine and human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"147","author":"Oliveira-da-Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2020.104194","article-title":"A leishmania amastigote-specific hypothetical protein evaluated as recombinant protein plus Th1 adjuvant or DNA plasmid-based vaccine to protect against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"356","author":"Oliveira-da-Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155865","article-title":"Recombinant guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein associated with poloxamer 407-based polymeric micelles protects against leishmania infantum infection","volume":"153","author":"Lage","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9070778","article-title":"Detection of urinary antibodies and its application in epidemiological studies for parasitic diseases","volume":"9","author":"Nagaoka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn7424","article-title":"Detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in urine samples: A noninvasive and sensitive way to assay COVID-19 immune conversion","volume":"8","author":"Ludolf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.08.010","article-title":"Diagnostic markers selected by immunoproteomics and phage display applied for the serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"126","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr101286y","article-title":"Analysis of leishmania chagasi by 2-d difference gel electrophoresis (2-d DIGE) and immunoproteomic: Identification of novel candidate antigens for diagnostic tests and vaccine","volume":"10","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149894","article-title":"Identification of immunoreactive leishmania infantum protein antigens to asymptomatic dog sera through combined immunoproteomics and bioinformatics analysis","volume":"11","author":"Agallou","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.06.020","article-title":"Antigenicity of phage clones and their synthetic peptides for the serodiagnosis of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"110","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1112894\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T06:19:10Z","timestamp":1675837150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1112894\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1112894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1112894","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"article-number":"1112894"}}