{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:51:20Z","timestamp":1792648280916,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and glaucoma in the European population remains unclear. In the present study, we applied a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method to investigate their causal relationship.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>MR analysis was conducted to validate the causal associations between AS with glaucoma using summary statistics from the genome-wide association studies of AS (9,069 cases and 13,578 control subjects) and glaucoma (8,591 cases and 210,201 control subjects). The inverse variance weighting method was performed to evaluate the causal relationship. The MR\u2013Egger regression approach was applied to assess pleiotropy, while Cochran\u2019s Q test was used to analyze heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis was performed according to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of the MR study reveal a risk-increasing causal relationship between AS and glaucoma among European populations (OR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.16\u20131.57, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 8.81 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>-5<\/jats:sup>). Pleiotropy and heterogeneity were not found in our study. In the subgroup analysis, AS was also causal with POAG (OR = 1.48, 95%CI = 1.17\u20131.86, P = 8.80 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>-4<\/jats:sup>) and PACG (OR = 1.91, 95%CI = 1.03\u20133.51, P = 3.88 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>-2<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of the MR analysis suggested a causal relationship between AS and glaucoma in the European population. Further studies are needed to identify the specific mechanism between these two diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1120742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T04:48:17Z","timestamp":1679287697000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Ankylosing spondylitis and glaucoma in European population: A Mendelian randomization 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