{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T13:33:20Z","timestamp":1774791200669,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["251293561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251293561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006478","name":"Bundesministerium der Verteidigung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sodium thiosulfate (Na<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), an H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S releasing agent, was shown to be organ-protective in experimental hemorrhage. Systemic inflammation activates immune cells, which in turn show cell type-specific metabolic plasticity with modifications of mitochondrial respiratory activity. Since H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S can dose-dependently stimulate or inhibit mitochondrial respiration, we investigated the effect of Na<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> on immune cell metabolism in a blinded, randomized, controlled, long-term, porcine model of hemorrhage and resuscitation. For this purpose, we developed a Bayesian sampling-based model for <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C isotope metabolic flux analysis (MFA) utilizing 1,2-<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-labeled glucose, <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>-labeled glucose, and <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>-labeled glutamine tracers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>After 3 h of hemorrhage, anesthetized and surgically instrumented swine underwent resuscitation up to a maximum of 68 h. At 2 h of shock, animals randomly received vehicle or Na<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (25 mg\/kg\/h for 2 h, thereafter 100 mg\/kg\/h until 24 h after shock). At three time points (prior to shock, 24 h post shock and 64 h post shock) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and granulocytes were isolated from whole blood, and cells were investigated regarding mitochondrial oxygen consumption (high resolution respirometry), reactive oxygen species production (electron spin resonance) and fluxes within the metabolic network (stable isotope-based MFA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PBMCs showed significantly higher mitochondrial O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> uptake and lower <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" id=\"im1\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>O<\/mml:mtext><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>\u2022<\/mml:mo><mml:mo>\u2212<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> production in comparison to granulocytes. We found that in response to Na<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> administration, PBMCs but not granulocytes had an increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption combined with a transient reduction of the citrate synthase flux and an increase of acetyl-CoA channeled into other compartments, e.g., for lipid biogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a porcine model of hemorrhage and resuscitation, Na<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> administration led to increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption combined with stimulation of lipid biogenesis in PBMCs. In contrast, granulocytes remained unaffected. Granulocytes, on the other hand, remained unaffected. <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" id=\"im\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>O<\/mml:mtext><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>\u2022<\/mml:mo><mml:mo>\u2212<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> concentration in whole blood remained constant during shock and resuscitation, indicating a sufficient anti-oxidative capacity. Overall, our MFA model seems to be is a promising approach for investigating immunometabolism; especially when combined with complementary methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1125594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T11:14:15Z","timestamp":1677150855000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The effect of sodium thiosulfate on immune cell metabolism during porcine hemorrhage and resuscitation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Eva-Maria","family":"Wolfschmitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef 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