{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:18:02Z","timestamp":1790687882343,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018688","name":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whether or not a single-dose Ad26.COV2.S prime and boost vaccination induces sufficient immunity is unclear. Concerns about the increased risk of breakthrough infections in the Ad26.COV2.S-primed population have also been raised.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective cohort study was conducted. Participants included healthy adults who were Ad26.COV2.S primed and scheduled to receive a booster vaccination with BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or Ad26.COV2.S. The IgG anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody titers, neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers (against wild type [WT] and Omicron [BA.1 and BA.5]), and Spike-specific interferon-\u03b3 responses of the participants were estimated at baseline, 3\u20134 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after booster vaccination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 89 participants were recruited (26 boosted with BNT162b2, 57 with mRNA-1273, and 7 with Ad26.COV2.S). The IgG anti-RBD antibody titers of all participants were significantly higher at 6 months post-vaccination than at baseline. The NAb titers against WT at 3 months post-vaccination were 359, 258, and 166 in the participants from the BNT162b2-, mRNA-1273-, and Ad26.COV2.S-boosted groups, respectively. Compared with those against WT, the NAb titers against BA.1\/BA.5 were lower by 23.9\/10.9-, 16.6\/7.4-, and 13.8\/7.2-fold in the participants from the BNT162b2-, mRNA-1273-, and Ad26.COV2.S-boosted groups, respectively, at 3 months post-vaccination. Notably, the NAb titers against BA.1 were not boosted after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. Breakthrough infections occurred in 53.8%, 62.5%, and 42.9% of the participants from the BNT162b2-, mRNA-1273-, and Ad26.COV2.S-boosted groups, respectively. No significant difference in humoral and cellular immunity was found between individuals with and without SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Booster vaccination elicited acceptable humoral and cellular immune responses in Ad26.COV2.S-primed individuals. However, the neutralizing activities against Omicron subvariants were negligible, and breakthrough infection rates were remarkably high at 3 months post-booster vaccination, irrespective of the vaccine type. A booster dose of a vaccine containing the Omicron variant antigen would be required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1131229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T05:17:41Z","timestamp":1678166261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Humoral and cellular immunogenicity of homologous and heterologous booster vaccination in Ad26.COV2.S-primed individuals: Comparison by breakthrough infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hakjun","family":"Hyun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A-Yeung","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heedo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Yeon","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Bin","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliel","family":"Nham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Gu","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Yun","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Jin","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Joo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Young","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Hyeon","family":"Seok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jineui","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man-Seong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon Young","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abn9243","article-title":"Omicron variant spike-specific antibody binding and fc activity are preserved in recipients of mRNA or inactivated COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Bartsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00436-4","article-title":"Not just antibodies: B cells and T cells mediate immunity to COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Cox","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.007","article-title":"Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","volume":"184","author":"Sette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00662-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals: Measurement, causes and impact","volume":"22","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2117608","article-title":"Final analysis of efficacy and safety of single-dose Ad26","volume":"386","author":"Sadoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"COV2.S. 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