{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:11:57Z","timestamp":1788315117961,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004000","name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Program key projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are an early sign of many neurological disorders and accompanied by local neuroinflammation and brain damage. As important regulators of immune response and neuroinflammation, the biological behavior and role of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells after CMBs remain largely unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We made a spot injury of microvessel in the somatosensory cortex to mimic the model of CMBs by two-photon laser and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      tracked dynamical behaviors of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells induced by CMBs using\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        TCR-\u03b4\n                        <jats:sup>GFP<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      transgenic mice. Biological features of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in the peri-CMBs parenchyma were decoded by flow cytometry and Raman spectra. In wildtype and \u03b3\u03b4 T cell-deficient mice, neuroinflammation and neurite degeneration in the peri-CMBs cortex were studied by RNAseq, immunostaining and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      imaging respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After CMBs, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in the dural vessels were tracked to cross the meningeal structure and invade the brain parenchyma in a few days, where the division process of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells were captured. Parenchymal \u03b3\u03b4 T cells were highly expressed by CXCR6 and CCR6, similar to meningeal \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, positive for IL-17A and Ki67 (more than 98%), and they contained abundant substances for energy metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis. In \u03b3\u03b4 T cell-deficient mice, cortical samples showed the upregulation of neuroinflammatory signaling pathways, enhanced glial response and M1 microglial polarization, and earlier neuronal degeneration in the peri-CMBs brain parenchyma compared with wildtype mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CMBs induce the accumulation and local proliferation of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in the brain parenchyma, and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells exert anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects at the early stage of CMBs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1139601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T01:39:50Z","timestamp":1680053990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["\u03b3\u03b4 T cells 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