{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T19:34:05Z","timestamp":1788809645855,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antibody-mediated disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) have seen a gradual rise in their incidence and prevalence. This retrospective observational study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and short-term prognosis of children with antibody-mediated CNS autoimmune diseases at Hunan Children\u2019s Hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected the clinical data of 173 pediatric patients diagnosed with antibody-mediated CNS autoimmune diseases between June 2014 and June 2021 and analyzed their demographics, clinical features, imaging and laboratory data, treatment, and prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 187 patients tested positive for anti-neural antibodies and 173 patients were finally diagnosed with antibody-mediated CNS autoimmune diseases after excluding the 14 false-positive cases through clinical phenotypic evaluation and follow-up of treatment outcomes. Of the 173 confirmed patients, 97 (56.06%) were positive for anti-NMDA-receptor antibody, 48 (27.75%) for anti-MOG antibody, 30 (17.34%) for anti-GFAP antibody, 5 (2.89%) for anti-CASPR2 antibody, 3 (1.73%) for anti-AQP4 antibody, 2 (1.16%) for anti-GABABR antibody, and 1 (0.58%) for anti-LGI1antibody. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis was the most commonly seen among the patients, followed by MOG antibody-associated disorders and autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy. Psycho-behavioral abnormalities, seizures, involuntary movements, and speech disorder were the most common clinical presentations of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, while fever, headache, and disturbance of consciousness or vision were the most seen among patients with MOG antibody-associated disorders or autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy. The coexistence of multiple anti-neural antibodies was detected in 13 patients, among which 6 cases had coexistent anti-NMDAR and anti-MOG antibodies (including 1 case with anti-GFAP antibody also), 3 cases had coexistent anti-NMDAR and anti-GFAP antibodies, 3 cases had coexistent anti-MOG and anti-GFAP antibodies, 1 case had coexistent anti-NMDAR and anti-CASPR2 antibodies, and 1 case had coexistent anti-GABABR and anti-CASPR2 antibodies. All the survivors were followed up for at least 12 months; 137 recovered completely, 33 had varying sequelae, and 3 died; 22 had one or more relapses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antibody-mediated CNS autoimmune diseases occur in children of all ages. Most such pediatric patients have a good response to immunotherapy. Despite the low mortality rate, some survivors have a non-negligible risk of developing relapses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1140872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T04:21:32Z","timestamp":1682050892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Clinical analysis of 173 pediatric patients with antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system: a single-center cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qingyun","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeshu","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caishi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyi","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.673339","article-title":"Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Diseases of the CNS: challenges and approaches to diagnosis and management","volume":"12","author":"Sechi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa250","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis mediated by b-cell response against n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor","volume":"143","author":"Wagnon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00706","article-title":"Systematic review: syndromes, early diagnosis, and treatment in autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"9","author":"Hermetter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000909","article-title":"Management of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"34","author":"Bien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X-ANP-2022-S122","article-title":"A critical review and update on autoimmune encephalitis: understanding the alphabet soup","volume":"80","author":"Simabukuro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144941","article-title":"Significance of autoantibodies in autoimmune encephalitis in relation to antigen localization: an outline of frequently reported autoantibodies with a non-systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Tanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006990","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis: a costly condition","volume":"92","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102339","article-title":"The immunobiology of autoimmune encephalitides","volume":"104","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.246277","article-title":"Immunotherapy in autoimmune encephalitis - 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