{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:15:11Z","timestamp":1787026511148,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004479","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant No. 20212BCJ23024, grant No. 20202BAB206049, grant No. 20212ACB206025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant No. 20212BCJ23024, grant No. 20202BAB206049, grant No. 20212ACB206025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant No. 82160578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant No. 82160578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gallbladder cancer (GBC) and cholangiocarcinoma are common cancers of the biliary system and are associated with a poor prognosis. Surgery and chemotherapy provide limited benefit to patients with advanced biliary tract carcinoma. Novel immunotherapies and molecularly targeted therapies are more effective options; however, few patients benefit and drug resistance is a concern. Here, we report five cases of advanced GBC with either high programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression or a high tumor mutation burden (TMB-H). The patients were treated with a combination therapy of tislelizumab and S-1. The tumors were effectively controlled in most patients. One patient developed immune-related pneumonia (irP) during treatment, which resolved after hormone therapy, and the patient underwent surgery. Tislelizumab and S-1 were administered again after surgery; however, recurrent irP required discontinuation, and the tumor progressed after drug withdrawal. These cases demonstrate that combined therapy of anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) antibodies and S-1 is a safe and effective regimen with few side effects for GBC patients, especially for sensitive populations (patients with TMB-H, microsatellite instability, deficient mismatch repair, or high expression of PD-L1). To our knowledge, this is the first time that tislelizumab in combination with S-1 has been used to treat patients with advanced GBC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1144371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:59:22Z","timestamp":1679273962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Case report: Preliminary response to tislelizumab plus S-1 in patients with metastatic gallbladder carcinoma: A report of five cases and a literature 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