{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:46:46Z","timestamp":1788961606212,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only 15 patients of autoimmune encephalitis with metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antibodies have been reported worldwide since 2011, mostly from western countries. Patients with different genetic backgrounds are necessary to further clarify the clinical phenotype and prognosis of this rare disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We initially describe a case series from China to confirm the previous findings, expand the clinical phenotype, and identify the prognostic factors of autoimmune encephalitis with mGluR5 antibodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational data with follow-up were prospectively collected from autoimmune encephalitis patients with mGluR5 antibodies. Clinical information and outcomes on current and previously reported cases were combined and analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified five patients (median age 35 years); two were female. The main clinical manifestations were behavioral\/personality changes (five of five, 100%) and cognitive disorders (four of five, 80%), accompanied with other neurologic symptoms. Hypoventilation occurred in two (40%) patients, which was life-threatening. One patient had meningoencephalitis, suggesting a new phenotype in anti-mGluR5 encephalitis. All patients received immunotherapy. At the last follow-up (median 18 months), two (40%) patients showed complete recovery, two (40%) patients showed partial recovery, and one (20%) patient died. One (20%) patient had multiple relapses. Together with the 15 previously reported cases, associated tumors occurred in seven of 12 (58%) Western patients vs. one of eight (13%) Chinese patients. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at the last follow-up (median 31 months) were available in 16 patients. Patients with bad outcomes (mRS &amp;gt; 2, n = 4) were more likely to have hypoventilation at onset and higher mRS scores at peak of the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In patients with different genetic background, as Chinese, the clinical phenotype of anti-mGluR5 encephalitis is similar. Fewer paraneoplastic cases were observed in Chinese patients. Most patients showed good responses to immunotherapy and cancer treatment. The clinical outcomes were favorable in most patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1146536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T05:59:30Z","timestamp":1679378370000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Autoimmune encephalitis with mGluR5 antibodies: A case series from China and review of the 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