{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:00:52Z","timestamp":1791054052812,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is induced by various factors, including inheritability, which regulates gene expression. Multiple loci correlated with AITD have been discovered utilizing genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Nevertheless, demonstrating the biological relevance and function of these genetic loci is difficult.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The FUSION software was utilized to define genes that were expressed differentially in AITD using a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) method in accordance with GWAS summary statistics from the largest genome-wide association study of 755,406 AITD individuals (30,234 cases and 725,172 controls) and levels of gene expression from two tissue datasets (blood and thyroid). Further analyses were performed such as colocalization, conditional, and fine-mapping analyses to extensively characterize the identified associations, using functional mapping and annotation (FUMA) to conduct functional annotation of the summary statistics of 23329 significant risk SNPs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>) recognized by GWAS, together with summary-data-based mendelian randomization (SMR) for identifying functionally related genes at the loci in GWAS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 330 genes with transcriptome-wide significant differences between cases and controls, and the majority of these genes were new. 9 of the 94 unique significant genes had strong, colocalized, and potentially causal correlations with AITD. Such strong associations included <jats:italic>CD247<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TPO<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>KIAA1524<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>PDE8B<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>BACH2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>FYN<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>FOXK1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>NKX2-3<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>SPATA13<\/jats:italic>. Subsequently, applying the FUMA approach, novel putative AITD susceptibility genes and involved gene sets were detected. Furthermore, we detected 95 probes that showed strong pleiotropic association with AITD through SMR analysis, such as <jats:italic>CYP21A2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TPO<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>BRD7<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>FCRL3<\/jats:italic>. Lastly, we selected 26 genes by integrating the result of TWAS, FUMA, and SMR analysis. A phenome-wide association study (pheWAS) was then carried out to determine the risk of other related or co-morbid phenotypes for AITD-related genes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current work provides further insight into widespread changes in AITD at the transcriptomic level, as well as characterized the genetic component of gene expression in AITD by validating identified genes, establishing new correlations, and uncovering novel susceptibility genes. Our findings indicate that the genetic component of gene expression plays a significant part in AITD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1161311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T04:28:36Z","timestamp":1682915316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Identification of multiple novel susceptibility genes associated with autoimmune thyroid 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