{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:40:36Z","timestamp":1789544436862,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Flavobacterium columnare<\/jats:italic>, which causes columnaris disease, is responsible for significant mortality in grass carp. Vaccination is a safe and effective measure to combat this disease, and this study aimed to investigate the immune protective effects of different treatments using an inactivated<jats:italic>F. columnare<\/jats:italic>vaccine. The vaccine was prepared by inactivating the bacteria with 0.05% formaldehyde at 4\u00b0C for 24 hours. The experiments involving grass carp were divided into two parts. In Experiment 1, the immune effects of two isolates, JX-01 (genomovar I) and MU-04 (genomovar II), were compared, along with the impact of white oil adjuvant and the number of immunizations. The results showed that when the white oil adjuvant was used as a booster, the relative percent survival (RPS) of the JW2 group and MW2 group after 8 weeks of the first immunization was 34% and 61%, respectively. In Experiment 2, only the MU-04 (genomovar II) isolate was used as an antigen, with the white oil adjuvant as a booster. The effects of different doses (CFU=10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>, 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>, and 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>bacteria\/mL) on immune responses were compared, and the RPS values in the MW6, MW7, and MW8 groups after 4 weeks of the first immunization were found to be 38%, 57%, and 71%, respectively. Furthermore, in the cross-antigen protection experiment, the MW2 group exhibited an RPS of 55% against the JX-01 isolate, which was significantly higher than the control group (33%). These findings suggest that an inactivated vaccine comprising an appropriate antigen isolate when administered with a white oil adjuvant as a booster, can provide effective protection in grass carp.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1162975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T19:42:19Z","timestamp":1689277339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The protective effect of inactivated Flavobacterium columnare vaccine in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon 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