{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T13:57:28Z","timestamp":1784383048873,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection is common in the general population and may be followed by immune dysfunction, but links with subsequent autoimmune disease remain inconclusive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate the association of <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection with the risk of subsequent autoimmune disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective cohort study examined the medical records of South Korean children from 01\/01\/2002 to 31\/12\/2017. The exposed cohort was identified as patients hospitalized for <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection. Each exposed patient was matched with unexposed controls based on birth year and sex at a 1:10 ratio using incidence density sampling calculations. The outcome was subsequent diagnosis of autoimmune disease, and hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated with control for confounders. Further estimation was performed using hospital-based databases which were converted to a common data model (CDM) to allow comparisons of the different databases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The exposed cohort consisted of 49,937 children and the matched unexposed of 499,370 children. The median age at diagnosis of <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection was 4 years (interquartile range, 2.5\u20136.5 years). During a mean follow-up time of 9.0 \u00b1 3.8 years, the incidence rate of autoimmune diseases was 66.5 per 10,000 person-years (95% CI: 64.3\u201368.8) in the exposed cohort and 52.3 per 10,000 person-years (95% CI: 51.7\u201352.9) in the unexposed cohort, corresponding to an absolute rate of difference of 14.3 per 10,000 person-years (95% CI: 11.9\u201316.6). Children in the exposed cohort had an increased risk of autoimmune disease (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.21\u20131.31), and this association was similar in the separate analysis of hospital databases (HR: 1.25; 95% CI 1.06\u20131.49).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection requiring hospitalization may be associated with an increase in subsequent diagnoses of autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1165586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T11:09:38Z","timestamp":1701774578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Investigating the occurrence of autoimmune diseases among children and adolescents hospitalized for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Eun Kyo","family":"Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Ryeong","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Eun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn Ho","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hey-Sung","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Hee","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man 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