{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:11:58Z","timestamp":1789171918181,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural Killer (NK) cells have come a long way since their first description in the 1970\u2019s. The most recent reports of their adaptive-like behavior changed the way the immune system dichotomy is described. Adaptive NK cells present characteristics of both the innate and adaptive immune system. This NK cell subpopulation undergoes a clonal-like expansion in response to an antigen and secondary encounters with the same antigen result in an increased cytotoxic response. These characteristics can be of extreme importance in the clinical setting, especially as adoptive immunotherapies, since NK cells present several advantages compared other cell types. This review will focus on the discovery and the path to the current knowledge of the adaptive NK cell population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1172437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:29:36Z","timestamp":1684391376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Natural killer cells- from innate cells to the discovery of adaptability"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"D\u00e9bora","family":"Bas\u00edlio-Queir\u00f3s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Mischak-Weissinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.12.980","article-title":"Overview of the immune response","volume":"125","author":"Chaplin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.131202998","article-title":"How the immune system works to protect the hostfrom infection: a personal view","volume":"18","author":"Charles","year":"2001","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1252","article-title":"Cytokines in cancer pathogenesis and cancer therapy","volume":"4","author":"Dranoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000085020.78117.70","article-title":"Memory T cells: a hurdle to immunologic tolerance","volume":"14","author":"Lakkis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.19","article-title":"Receptor selection in b and T lymphocytes","volume":"18","author":"Nemazee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14189","article-title":"The biology of innate lymphoid cells","volume":"517","author":"Artis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaa6566","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6566","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells. innate lymphoid cells: a new paradigm in immunology","volume":"348","author":"Eberl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3365","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells\u2013a proposal for uniform nomenclature","volume":"13","author":"Spits","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"73","article-title":"Natural killer cells: role in local tumor growth and metastasis","volume":"6","author":"Langers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1582","article-title":"Functions of natural killer cells","volume":"9","author":"Vivier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B11","article-title":"\"Natural\" killer cells in the mouse. 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