{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T01:30:01Z","timestamp":1794360601094,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dysregulated inflammation involving innate immune cells, particularly of the monocyte\/macrophage lineage, is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Trained immunity is an evolutionarily ancient protective mechanism against infection, in which epigenetic and metabolic alterations confer non-specific hyperresponsiveness of innate immune cells to various stimuli. Recent work in an animal model of DMD (mdx mice) has shown that macrophages exhibit cardinal features of trained immunity, including the presence of innate immune system \u201cmemory\u201d. The latter is reflected by epigenetic changes and durable transmissibility of the trained phenotype to healthy non-dystrophic mice by bone marrow transplantation. Mechanistically, it is suggested that a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-regulated, memory-like capacity of innate immunity is induced at the level of the bone marrow by factors released from the damaged muscles, leading to exaggerated upregulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory genes. Here we propose a conceptual framework for the involvement of trained immunity in DMD pathogenesis and its potential to serve as a new therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1183066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T05:35:13Z","timestamp":1686807313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Trained immunity as a potential target for therapeutic immunomodulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Basil J.","family":"Petrof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Podolsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salyan","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90579-4","article-title":"Dystrophin: the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus","volume":"51","author":"Hoffman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00248-3","article-title":"Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140048","article-title":"The dystrophin complex: structure, function, and implications for therapy","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.8.3710","article-title":"Dystrophin protects the sarcolemma from stresses developed during muscle contraction","volume":"90","author":"Petrof","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0030fje","article-title":"Dystrophin-deficient cardiomyocytes are abnormally vulnerable to mechanical stress-induced contractile failure and injury","volume":"15","author":"Danialou","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000173836.09176.c4","article-title":"Early onset of inflammation and later involvement of TGFbeta in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02183","article-title":"Initial pulmonary respiration causes massive diaphragm damage and hyper-CKemia in Duchenne muscular dystrophy dog","volume":"3","author":"Nakamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299rv4","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa7322","article-title":"Immune-mediated pathology in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.150","article-title":"Regulation of muscle growth and regeneration by the immune system","volume":"17","author":"Tidball","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c170052","article-title":"Immunobiology of inherited muscular dystrophies","volume":"8","author":"Tidball","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.04.006","article-title":"Inflammation and skeletal muscle regeneration: leave it to the macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Chazaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0203-3","article-title":"Therapeutic developments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"15","author":"Verhaart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.465908","article-title":"Fibrinogen drives dystrophic muscle fibrosis via a TGFbeta\/alternative macrophage activation pathway","volume":"22","author":"Vidal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181aa31c2","article-title":"Endomysial fibrosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a marker of poor outcome associated with macrophage alternative activation","volume":"68","author":"Desguerre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3869","article-title":"Nilotinib reduces muscle fibrosis in chronic muscle injury by promoting TNF-mediated apoptosis of fibro\/adipogenic progenitors","volume":"21","author":"Lemos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201402079","article-title":"Asynchronous remodeling is a driver of failed regeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"207","author":"Dadgar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.573347","article-title":"Crosstalk between innate and T cell adaptive immunity with(in) the muscle","volume":"11","author":"Bonomo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200105110","article-title":"A nitric oxide synthase transgene ameliorates muscular dystrophy in mdx mice","volume":"155","author":"Wehling","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2011.04051.x","article-title":"Osteopontin is highly expressed in severely dystrophic muscle and seems to play a role in muscle regeneration and fibrosis","volume":"59","author":"Zanotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8966(94)90068-X","article-title":"Dystrophin-deficient myofibers are vulnerable to mast cell granule-induced necrosis","volume":"4","author":"Gorospe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65050-X","article-title":"Eosinophilia of dystrophin-deficient muscle is promoted by perforin-mediated cytotoxicity by T cell effectors","volume":"156","author":"Cai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn129","article-title":"Major basic protein-1 promotes fibrosis of dystrophic muscle and attenuates the cellular immune response in muscular dystrophy","volume":"17","author":"Wehling-Henricks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201403967","article-title":"Inflammatory monocytes promote progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and can be therapeutically targeted via CCR2","volume":"6","author":"Mojumdar","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070075","article-title":"Inflammatory monocytes recruited after skeletal muscle injury switch into antiinflammatory macrophages to support myogenesis","volume":"204","author":"Arnold","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.189","article-title":"Proinflammatory macrophages enhance the regenerative capacity of human myoblasts by modifying their kinetics of proliferation and differentiation","volume":"20","author":"Bencze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502490","article-title":"Highly dynamic transcriptional signature of distinct macrophage subsets during sterile inflammation, resolution, and tissue repair","volume":"196","author":"Varga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008","article-title":"Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines","volume":"41","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.01.006","article-title":"Transcriptome-based network analysis reveals a spectrum model of human macrophage activation","volume":"40","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","article-title":"Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation","volume":"8","author":"Mosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59643","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas","volume":"122","author":"Sica","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0356-7","article-title":"Dynamic changes to lipid mediators support transitions among macrophage subtypes during muscle regeneration","volume":"20","author":"Giannakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26516-0","article-title":"Resolvin-D2 targets myogenic cells and improves muscle regeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"12","author":"Dort","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101267","article-title":"IFN-gamma promotes muscle damage in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy by suppressing M2 macrophage activation and inhibiting muscle cell proliferation","volume":"187","author":"Villalta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn376","article-title":"Shifts in macrophage phenotypes and macrophage competition for arginine metabolism affect the severity of muscle pathology in muscular dystrophy","volume":"18","author":"Villalta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281673","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a nexus of pathological remodelling with therapeutic implications","volume":"600","author":"Petrof","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4689","article-title":"Divergent impact of toll-like receptor 2 deficiency on repair mechanisms in healthy muscle versus Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"239","author":"Mojumdar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu735","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 ablation in mdx mice reveals innate immunity as a therapeutic target in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"24","author":"Giordano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.10.077","article-title":"AMPK activation regulates LTBP4-dependent TGF-beta1 secretion by pro-inflammatory macrophages and controls fibrosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"25","author":"Juban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105415","article-title":"Single cell sequencing maps skeletal muscle cellular diversity as disease severity increases in dystrophic mouse models","volume":"25","author":"Saleh","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03938-0","article-title":"Single nuclei transcriptomics of muscle reveals intra-muscular cell dynamics linked to dystrophin loss and rescue","volume":"5","author":"Scripture-Adams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251086","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251086","article-title":"Epigenetic programming of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and trained innate immunity","volume":"345","author":"Saeed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250684","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1250684","article-title":"mTOR- and HIF-1alpha-mediated aerobic glycolysis as metabolic basis for trained immunity","volume":"345","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.12.018","article-title":"Latent enhancers activated by stimulation in differentiated cells","volume":"152","author":"Ostuni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2021","article-title":"Trained immunity: adaptation within innate immune mechanisms","volume":"103","author":"Dominguez-Andres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202870109","article-title":"Bacille calmette-guerin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"109","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107548","article-title":"The Set7 lysine methyltransferase regulates plasticity in oxidative phosphorylation necessary for trained immunity induced by beta-glucan","volume":"31","author":"Keating","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206564","article-title":"Soluble uric acid primes TLR-induced proinflammatory cytokine production by human primary cells via inhibition of IL-1Ra","volume":"75","author":"Crisan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303887","article-title":"Oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces long-term proinflammatory cytokine production and foam cell formation via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"34","author":"Bekkering","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3AB1220-846R","article-title":"Immune modulatory effects of progesterone on oxLDL-induced trained immunity in monocytes","volume":"112","author":"Groh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.020838","article-title":"Oxidized phospholipids on lipoprotein(a) elicit arterial wall inflammation and an inflammatory monocyte response in humans","volume":"134","author":"van der Valk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315800","article-title":"Catecholamines induce trained immunity in monocytes In vitro and in vivo","volume":"127","author":"van der Heijden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60939","article-title":"Reprogramming of bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells in patients with severe coronary artery disease","volume":"9","author":"Noz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023192","article-title":"Trained immunity characteristics are associated with progressive cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"49","author":"Noz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.014","article-title":"Treatment with statins does not revert trained immunity in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"30","author":"Bekkering","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0023-4","article-title":"Innate immune memory in the brain shapes neurological disease hallmarks","volume":"556","author":"Wendeln","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24271","article-title":"Inflammatory memory sensitizes skin epithelial stem cells to tissue damage","volume":"550","author":"Naik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0449-8","article-title":"Allergic inflammatory memory in human respiratory epithelial progenitor cells","volume":"560","author":"Ordovas-Montanes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.567981","article-title":"Hyper-inflammatory monocyte activation following endotoxin exposure in food allergic infants","volume":"11","author":"Neeland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.10.024","article-title":"Early life innate immune signatures of persistent food allergy","volume":"142","author":"Neeland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.09.008","article-title":"Inhibiting inflammation with myeloid cell-specific nanobiologics promotes organ transplant acceptance","volume":"49","author":"Braza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1666","article-title":"Hyperglycemia induces a dynamic cooperativity of histone methylase and demethylase enzymes associated with gene-activating epigenetic marks that coexist on the lysine tail","volume":"58","author":"Brasacchio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901348","article-title":"Hyperglycemic memory of innate immune cells promotes In vitro proinflammatory responses of human monocytes and murine macrophages","volume":"206","author":"Thiem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0872","article-title":"Epigenetic changes in bone marrow progenitor cells influence the inflammatory phenotype and alter wound healing in type 2 diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Gallagher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046464","article-title":"Hyperglycemia induces trained immunity in macrophages and their precursors and promotes atherosclerosis","volume":"144","author":"Edgar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8894","article-title":"Past history of obesity triggers persistent epigenetic changes in innate immunity and exacerbates neuroinflammation","volume":"379","author":"Hata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.12.006","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune memory: an evolutionary continuum in the host's response to pathogens","volume":"25","author":"Netea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.014","article-title":"BCG Vaccination in humans elicits trained immunity via the hematopoietic progenitor compartment","volume":"28","author":"Cirovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.031","article-title":"BCG educates hematopoietic stem cells to generate protective innate immunity against tuberculosis","volume":"172","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.034","article-title":"Modulation of myelopoiesis progenitors is an integral component of trained immunity","volume":"172","author":"Mitroulis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.013","article-title":"Western diet triggers NLRP3-dependent innate immune reprogramming","volume":"172","author":"Christ","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.042","article-title":"Induction of autonomous memory alveolar macrophages requires T cell help and is critical to trained immunity","volume":"175","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28531-1","article-title":"TLR4 is a regulator of trained immunity in a murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"13","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.70","article-title":"A guide to immunometabolism for immunologists","volume":"16","author":"O'Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.06.006","article-title":"Candida albicans infection affords protection against reinfection via functional reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"12","author":"Quintin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149577","article-title":"An integrative genomics approach identifies KDM4 as a modulator of trained immunity","volume":"52","author":"Moorlag","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00688-13","article-title":"Trained immunity or tolerance: opposing functional programs induced in human monocytes after engagement of various pattern recognition receptors","volume":"21","author":"Ifrim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.01.017","article-title":"C\/EBPbeta-dependent epigenetic memory induces trained immunity in hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"26","author":"de Laval","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1044662","article-title":"MyD88-dependent signaling drives toll-like receptor-induced trained immunity in macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Owen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt656","article-title":"Role of toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of dystrophin-deficient skeletal and heart muscle","volume":"23","author":"Henriques-Pons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu366","article-title":"Discovery of serum protein biomarkers in the mdx mouse model and cross-species comparison to Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients","volume":"23","author":"Hathout","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507719112","article-title":"Large-Scale serum protein biomarker discovery in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"112","author":"Hathout","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.5.2887","article-title":"Fibrinogen stimulates macrophage chemokine secretion through toll-like receptor 4","volume":"167","author":"Smiley","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0215-7","article-title":"DAMP-sensing receptors in sterile inflammation and inflammatory diseases","volume":"20","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167811","article-title":"Characterization and functional analysis of extracellular vesicles and muscle-abundant miRNAs (miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-206) in C2C12 myocytes and mdx mice","volume":"11","author":"Matsuzaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00845-6","article-title":"Trained immunity, tolerance, priming and differentiation: distinct immunological processes","volume":"22","author":"Divangahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05929-x","article-title":"Screening of compounds to identify novel epigenetic regulatory factors that affect innate immune memory in macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Benjaskulluecha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2013.00011","article-title":"Preclinical studies in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy with the histone deacetylase inhibitor givinostat","volume":"19","author":"Consalvi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.132402","article-title":"Pulsed glucocorticoids enhance dystrophic muscle performance through epigenetic-metabolic reprogramming","volume":"4","author":"Quattrocelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1183066\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T05:35:17Z","timestamp":1686807317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1183066\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1183066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1183066","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"article-number":"1183066"}}