{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:23:00Z","timestamp":1791141780924,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease, which affects the exocrine glands leading to glandular dysfunction and, particularly, symptoms of oral and ocular dryness. The aetiology of SS remains unclear, and the disease lacks distinctive clinical features. The current diagnostic work-up is complex, invasive and often time-consuming. Thus, there is an emerging need for identifying disease-specific and, ideally, non-invasive immunological and molecular biomarkers that can simplify the diagnostic process, allow stratification of patients, and assist in monitoring the disease course and outcome of therapeutic intervention in SS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review addresses the use of proteomics and miRNA-expression profile analyses in this regard.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Out of 272 papers that were identified and 108 reviewed, a total of 42 papers on proteomics and 23 papers on miRNA analyses in saliva, blood and salivary gland tissue were included in this review. Overall, the proteomic and miRNA studies revealed considerable variations with regard to candidate biomarker proteins and miRNAs, most likely due to variation in sample size, processing and analytical methods, but also reflecting the complexity of SS and patient heterogeneity. However, interesting novel knowledge has emerged and further validation is needed to confirm their potential role as biomarkers in SS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1183195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:54:11Z","timestamp":1684392851000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: novel insights from proteomics and miRNA expression analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kamounah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Lynn","family":"Sembler-M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus Henrik","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Marie Lynge","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66990-5","article-title":"Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"366","author":"Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16047","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.47","article-title":"Sj\u00f6gren syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Brito-Zer\u00f3n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.03.008","article-title":"Google-Driven search for big data in autoimmune geoepidemiology: analysis of 394,827 patients with systemic autoimmune diseases","volume":"14","author":"Ramos-Casals","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063090","article-title":"Role of the innate immunity signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Shimizu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez004","article-title":"T Cells in primary sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: targets for early intervention","volume":"60","author":"Verstappen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00605-2","article-title":"Epithelial\u2013immune cell interplay in primary sj\u00f6gren syndrome salivary gland pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Verstappen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020658","article-title":"The involvement of innate and adaptive immunity in the initiation and perpetuation of sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Chivasso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203318801673","article-title":"Primary sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Bowman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.03.007","article-title":"Insight into pathogenesis of sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: dissection on autoimmune infiltrates and epithelial cells","volume":"182","author":"Goules","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216588","article-title":"Salivary gland epithelial cells from patients with sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome induce b-lymphocyte survival and activation","volume":"79","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11103","article-title":"In primary sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, HLA class II is associated exclusively with autoantibody production and spreading of the autoimmune response: association of HLA and primary SS","volume":"48","author":"Gottenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2792","article-title":"Variants at multiple loci implicated in both innate and adaptive immune responses are associated with sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Lessard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2779","article-title":"A genome-wide association study in han Chinese identifies a susceptibility locus for primary sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome at 7q11","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"23. 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