{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T05:11:31Z","timestamp":1774501891534,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rotavirus A (RVA) causes ~200,000 diarrheal deaths annually in children &amp;lt;5yrs, mostly in low- and middle-income countries. Risk factors include nutritional status, social factors, breastfeeding status, and immunodeficiency. We evaluated the effects of vitamin A (VA) deficiency\/VA supplementation and RVA exposure (anamnestic) on innate and T cell immune responses in RVA seropositive pregnant and lactating sows and passive protection of their piglets post-RVA challenge. Sows were fed VA deficient (VAD) or sufficient (VAS) diets starting at gestation day (GD)30. A subset of VAD sows received VA supplementation from GD|76 (30,000IU\/day, VAD+VA). Sows (6 groups) were inoculated with porcine RVA G5P[7] (OSU strain) or Minimal Essential Medium (mock) at GD~90: VAD+RVA; VAS+RVA; VAD+VA+RVA; VAD-mock; VAS-mock; and VAD+VA-mock. Blood, milk, and gut-associated tissues were collected from sows at several time points to examine innate [natural killer (NK), dendritic (DC) cells], T cell responses and changes in genes involved in the gut-mammary gland (MG)-immunological axis trafficking. Clinical signs of RVA were evaluated post inoculation of sows and post-challenge of piglets. We observed decreased frequencies of NK cells, total and MHCII<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> plasmacytoid DCs, conventional DCs, CD103<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> DCs and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and T regulatory cells (Tregs) and NK cell activity in VAD+RVA sows. Polymeric Ig receptor and retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR\u03b1) genes were downregulated in mesenteric lymph nodes and ileum of VAD+RVA sows. Interestingly, RVA-specific IFN-\u03b3 producing CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were increased in VAD-Mock sows, coinciding with increased IL-22 suggesting inflammation in these sows. VA supplementation to VAD+RVA sows restored frequencies of NK cells and pDCs, and NK activity, but not tissue cDCs and blood Tregs. In conclusion, similar to our recent observations of decreased B cell responses in VAD sows that led to decreased passive immune protection of their piglets, VAD impaired innate and T cell responses in sows, while VA supplementation to VAD sows restored some, but not all responses. Our data reiterate the importance of maintaining adequate VA levels and RVA immunization in pregnant and lactating mothers to achieve optimal immune responses, efficient function of the gut-MG-immune cell-axis and to improve passive protection of their piglets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1188757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T04:51:18Z","timestamp":1682398278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Vitamin A deficiency and vitamin A supplementation affect innate and T cell immune responses to rotavirus A infection in a conventional sow model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Juliet","family":"Chepngeno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua O.","family":"Amimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Husheem","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergei A.","family":"Raev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwonil","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcia V.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debasu","family":"Damtie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Omwando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia N.","family":"Vlasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda J.","family":"Saif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Rotavirus and reovirus","author":"Chang","year":"2012"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.supplement_1.s98","article-title":"Group a rotavirus veterinary vaccines","volume":"174","author":"Saif","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.08.014","article-title":"Unusual outbreak of post-weaning porcine diarrhea caused by single and mixed infections of rotavirus groups a, b, c and h","volume":"193","author":"Molinari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0713-1","article-title":"Detection and characterisation of group a rotavirus in asymptomatic piglets in southern Ireland","volume":"155","author":"Collins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809990872","article-title":"Enteric calicivirus and rotavirus infections in domestic pigs","volume":"138","author":"Halaihel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol infect"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183392","article-title":"Estimating global, regional and national rotavirus deaths in children aged <5 years: current approaches, new analyses and proposed improvements","volume":"12","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.6.7.11278","article-title":"Performance of rotavirus vaccines in developed and developing countries","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v31i4.19975","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin a deficiency in south Asia: causes, outcomes, and possible remedies","volume":"31","author":"Akhtar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J health population Nutr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650502600404","article-title":"Vitamin a deficiency and child survival in Sub-Saharan Africa: a reappraisal of challenges and opportunities","volume":"26","author":"Aguayo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995-2005: WHO global database on vitamin A deficiencyWorld Health Organization2009"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02737757","article-title":"Enhancement in seroconversion to measles vaccine with simultaneous administration of vitamin a in 9-Months-Old Indian infants","volume":"64","author":"Bhaskaram","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(83)90677-3","article-title":"Increased mortality in children with mild vitamin a deficiency","volume":"2","author":"Sommer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90202-3","article-title":"Nonsteroid nuclear receptors: what are genetic studies telling us about their role in real life","volume":"83","author":"Kastner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-1981(99)00117-1","article-title":"Interactions of retinoid binding proteins and enzymes in retinoid metabolism","volume":"1440","author":"Napoli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12228","article-title":"Vitamin a and dendritic cell differentiation","volume":"142","author":"Beijer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/Nu8060349","article-title":"Retinoic acid as a modulator of T cell immunity","volume":"8","author":"Bono","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2011.11.001","article-title":"Vitamin a and immune regulation: role of retinoic acid in gut-associated dendritic cell education, immune protection and tolerance","volume":"33","author":"Cassani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol aspects Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2008.05.006","article-title":"The killer\u2019s kiss: the many functions of nk cell immunological synapses","volume":"20","author":"Krzewski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00212.2007","article-title":"Retinoic acid signaling sensitizes hepatic stellate cells to nk cell killing Via upregulation of nk cell activating ligand Rae1","volume":"293","author":"Radaeva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointestinal liver Physiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.8.1510","article-title":"Chronic marginal vitamin a status reduces natural killer cell number and function in aging Lewis rats","volume":"129","author":"Dawson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"29","article-title":"The role of vitamin a in natural killer cell cytotoxicity, number and activation in the rat","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Natural Immun"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00199858","article-title":"Effects of orally administered retinol on natural killer cell activity in wild type Balb\/C and congenitally athymic Balb\/C mice","volume":"21","author":"Fraker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer immunol immunother: CII"},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Modulation of natural killer activity in mice by prolonged administration of various doses of dietary retinoids","volume":"5","author":"Santoni","year":"1986","journal-title":"Natural Immun Cell Growth Regul"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2004.01.005","article-title":"Function and regulation of mhc class ii molecules in T-lymphocytes: of mice and men","volume":"65","author":"Holling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3410\/B2-87","article-title":"Antigen presentation to b cells","volume":"2","author":"Harwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"F1000 Biol Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.08.011","article-title":"Retinoic acid imprints gut-homing specificity on T cells","volume":"21","author":"Iwata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132742","article-title":"Generation of gut-homing iga-secreting b cells by intestinal dendritic cells","volume":"314","author":"Mora","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20280","article-title":"Homing imprinting and immunomodulation in the gut: role of dendritic cells and retinoids","volume":"14","author":"Mora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflammatory bowel Dis"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.03.053","article-title":"Retinoic acid and lymphotoxin signaling promote differentiation of human intestinal m cells","volume":"159","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02640-08","article-title":"Rotavirus infection activates dendritic cells from peyer\u2019s patches in adult mice","volume":"84","author":"Lopez-Guerrero","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.08.020","article-title":"Rotavirus activates dendritic cells derived from umbilical cord blood monocytes","volume":"99","author":"Rosales-Martinez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbial pathogen"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000931","article-title":"Rotavirus structural proteins and dsrna are required for the human primary plasmacytoid dendritic cell ifnalpha response","volume":"6","author":"Deal","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03298.x","article-title":"Innate immune responses to human rotavirus in the neonatal gnotobiotic piglet disease model","volume":"131","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203575","article-title":"Prenatally acquired vitamin a deficiency alters innate immune responses to human rotavirus in a gnotobiotic pig model","volume":"190","author":"Vlasova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223813","article-title":"Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions","volume":"336","author":"Nicholson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.09.010","article-title":"Commensal segmented filamentous bacteria-derived retinoic acid primes host defense to intestinal infection","volume":"29","author":"Woo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00848-16","article-title":"Alternative biotransformation of retinal to retinoic acid or retinol by an aldehyde dehydrogenase from bacillus cereus","volume":"82","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.06.011","article-title":"Gut commensals expand vitamin a metabolic capacity of the mammalian host","volume":"30","author":"Bonakdar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2174407","article-title":"Segmented filamentous bacteria impede rotavirus infection Via retinoic acid receptor-mediated signaling","volume":"15","author":"Ngo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112354","article-title":"Rotavirus a inoculation and oral vitamin a supplementation of vitamin a deficient pregnant sows enhances maternal adaptive immunity and passive protection of piglets against virulent rotavirus a","volume":"14","author":"Chepngeno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2014.08.018","article-title":"Rapid detection and high occurrence of porcine rotavirus a, b, and c by rt-qpcr in diagnostic samples","volume":"209","author":"Marthaler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.5.3075-3083.1996","article-title":"Systematic and intestinal antibody-secreting cell responses and correlates of protective immunity to human rotavirus in a gnotobiotic pig model of disease","volume":"70","author":"Yuan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.ima03bs21","article-title":"Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability","author":"Strober","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-7-1431","article-title":"Pathogenesis of an attenuated and a virulent strain of group a human rotavirus in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs","volume":"77","author":"Ward","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2007.10.003","article-title":"Influence of probiotic lactobacilli colonization on neonatal b cell responses in a gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus infection and disease","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010083","article-title":"Escherichia coli nissle 1917 enhances efficacy of oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in a gnotobiotic piglet model","volume":"10","author":"Michael","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300678","article-title":"Divergent immunomodulating effects of probiotics on T cell responses to oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine and virulent human rotavirus infection in a neonatal gnotobiotic piglet disease model","volume":"191","author":"Chattha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.09.008","article-title":"Protein deficiency reduces efficacy of oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in a human infant fecal microbiota transplanted gnotobiotic pig model","volume":"36","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12865-018-0272-X","article-title":"Expression of ligands for activating natural killer cell receptors on cell lines commonly used to assess natural killer cell function","volume":"20","author":"Tremblay-McLean","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265030244S204","article-title":"Vitamin a deficiency disorders in children and women","volume":"24","author":"West","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/try126","article-title":"Neonatal vitamin a supplementation and immune responses to oral polio vaccine in Zimbabwean infants","volume":"113","author":"Church","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygiene"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.12.2192","article-title":"Simultaneous vitamin a administration at routine immunization contact enhances antibody response to diphtheria vaccine in infants younger than six months","volume":"129","author":"Rahman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.12.039","article-title":"Prenatal vitamin a deficiency impairs adaptive immune responses to pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotateq(R)) in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model","volume":"32","author":"Kandasamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/120.10.1264","article-title":"Vitamin a deficiency decreases natural killer cell activity and interferon production in rats","volume":"120","author":"Bowman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11020198","article-title":"Rodents versus pig model for assessing the performance of serotype chimeric Ad5\/3 oncolytic adenoviruses","volume":"11","author":"Koodie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20122508","article-title":"Retinoic acid controls the homeostasis of pre-Cdc-Derived splenic and intestinal dendritic cells","volume":"210","author":"Klebanoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2010.08.006","article-title":"Vitamin a deficiency alters splenic dendritic cell subsets and increases Cd8(+)Gr-1(+) memory T lymphocytes in C57bl\/6j mice","volume":"265","author":"Duriancik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048990","article-title":"Rotavirus infection causes mesenteric lymph node hypertrophy independently of type I interferon or tnf-alpha in mice","volume":"51","author":"Nakawesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.19","article-title":"Regulatory T cells are essential to promote proper Cd4 T-cell priming upon mucosal infection","volume":"9","author":"Soerens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070176","article-title":"A subset of dendritic cells induces Cd4+ T cells to produce ifn-gamma by an il-12-Independent but Cd70-dependent mechanism in vivo","volume":"204","author":"Soares","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250629","article-title":"Vitamin a deficiency results in a priming environment conducive for Th1 cell development","volume":"25","author":"Cantorna","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/117.5.857","article-title":"Impaired immunity in vitamin a-deficient mice","volume":"117","author":"Smith","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.11.5730-5735.1999","article-title":"Interaction of mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced transforming growth factor Beta1 and interleukin-10","volume":"67","author":"Othieno","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.7.3311","article-title":"Il-10 is required to prevent immune hyperactivity during infection with trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"158","author":"Hunter","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2009.11.024","article-title":"Effects of vitamin a deficiency on mucosal immunity and response to intestinal infection in rats","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1999.0588","article-title":"Retinoic acid suppresses interleukin 6 production in normal human osteoblasts","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2860755","article-title":"Effect of retinoid status on alpha, beta and gamma retinoic acid receptor mrna levels in various rat tissues","volume":"286","author":"Kato","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.7.1063","article-title":"Vitamin a is required for regulation of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (Plgr) expression by interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma in a human intestinal epithelial cell line","volume":"128","author":"Sarkar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02398.x","article-title":"Retinoic acid enhances the gene expression of human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (Pigr) by tnf-alpha","volume":"135","author":"Takenouchi-Ohkubo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)46017-6","article-title":"Retinoids and retinoid-binding protein expression in rat adipocytes","volume":"267","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0286","article-title":"Hepatocytes are the principal source of circulating Rbp4 in mice","volume":"66","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38843-X","article-title":"Retinol-binding protein messenger rna levels in the liver and in extrahepatic tissues of the rat","volume":"27","author":"Soprano","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1188757\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T04:51:24Z","timestamp":1682398284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1188757\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1188757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1188757","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"article-number":"1188757"}}