{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:16:59Z","timestamp":1793197019276,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A successful human pregnancy requires the maternal immune system to recognize and tolerate the semi-allogeneic fetus, allowing for appropriate trophoblasts invasion and protecting the fetus from invading pathogens. Therefore, maternal immunity is critical for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, especially at the maternal-fetal interface. Anatomically, the maternal-fetal interface has both maternally- and fetally- derived cells, including fetal originated trophoblasts and maternal derived immune cells and stromal cells. Besides, a commensal microbiota in the uterus was supposed to aid the unique immunity in pregnancy. The appropriate crosstalk between fetal derived and maternal originated cells and uterine microbiota are critical for normal pregnancy. Dysfunctional maternal-fetal interactions might be associated with the development of pregnancy complications. This review elaborates the latest knowledge on the interactions between trophoblasts and decidual immune cells, highlighting their critical roles in maternal-fetal tolerance and pregnancy development. We also characterize the role of commensal bacteria in promoting pregnancy progression. Furthermore, this review may provide new thought on future basic research and the development of clinical applications for pregnancy complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1198430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T02:15:36Z","timestamp":1686104136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Fetal-maternal interactions during pregnancy: a \u2018three-in-one\u2019 perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaozhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.64","article-title":"The unique immunological and microbial aspects of pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Mor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13077","article-title":"Mechanisms of immune regulation by the placenta: role of type I interferon and interferon-stimulated genes signaling during pregnancy","volume":"308","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1209796","article-title":"Invasion of the leukocytes into the fetal-maternal interface during pregnancy","volume":"88","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.12.007","article-title":"Intracellular bacteria in placental basal plate localize to extravillous trophoblasts","volume":"35","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237ra265","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008599","article-title":"The placenta harbors a unique microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Aagaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2004.08.010","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and their role in the trophoblast","volume":"26","author":"Abrahams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02728.x","article-title":"Use of nonhuman primate models to investigate mechanisms of infection-associated preterm birth","volume":"118","author":"Adams Waldorf","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-016-0658-8","article-title":"What about superfertility, decidualization, and natural selection","volume":"33","author":"Coulam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Assit Reprod Genet"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw004","article-title":"The role of decidual cells in uterine hemostasis, menstruation, inflammation, adverse pregnancy outcomes and abnormal uterine bleeding","volume":"22","author":"Schatz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz117","article-title":"Human endometrial transcriptome and progesterone receptor cistrome reveal important pathways and epithelial regulators","volume":"105","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030305","article-title":"Human decidual natural killer clels are a unique NK clel subset with immunomodulatory potential","volume":"198","author":"Koopman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0698-6","article-title":"Single-cell reconstruction of the early maternal-fetal interface in humans","volume":"563","author":"Vento-Tormo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00394","article-title":"Interactions between HLA-G and HLA-e in physiological and pathological conditions","volume":"5","author":"Morandi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.004","article-title":"NK cells stimulate recruitment of cdc 1 into the tumor microenvironment promoting cancer immune control","volume":"172","author":"B\u00f6ttcher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00729","article-title":"Trophoblasts acquire a chemokine receptor, CCR1, as they differentiate towards invasive phenotype","volume":"130","author":"Sato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0406250","article-title":"Expression of angiogenic growth factors by uterine natural killer cells during early pregnancy","volume":"80","author":"Lash","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.10.004","article-title":"Localization of angiogenic growth factors and their receptors in the human placental bed throughout normal human pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Schiessl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms015","article-title":"Extravillous trophoblast and decidual natural killer cells: a remodelling partnership","volume":"18","author":"Wallace","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13054","article-title":"Decidual leucocytes infiltrating human spiral arterioles are rich source of matrix metalloproteinases and degrade extracellular matrix in vitro and in situ","volume":"81","author":"Choudhury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.040337","article-title":"Inhibition of trophoblast cell invasion by TGFB1, 2, and 3 is associated with a decrease in active proteases","volume":"73","author":"Lash","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6616com","article-title":"Interferon-gamma inhibits extravillous trophoblast cell invasion by a mechanism that involves both changes in apoptosis and protease levels","volume":"20","author":"Lash","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.11.018","article-title":"Natural killer cells promote fetal development through the secretion of growth-promoting factors","volume":"47","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206322110","article-title":"Natural killer cells promote immune tolerance by regulating inflammatory TH17 cells at the human maternal-fetal interface","volume":"110","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.019","article-title":"Decidual NK cells transfer granulysin to selectively kill bacteria in trophoblasts","volume":"182","author":"Crespo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey347","article-title":"The role of the PD-1\/PD-L1 axis in macrophage differentiation and function during pregnancy","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP12-0036","article-title":"V-ATPase upregulation during early pregnancy: a possible link to establishment of an inflammatory response during preimplantation period of pregnancy","volume":"143","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00120.eCollection2017","article-title":"Modulators of the balance between M1 and M2 macrophages during pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.095505","article-title":"Macrophages infiltrate the human and rat decidua during term and preterm labor: evidence that decidual inflammation precedes labor","volume":"86","author":"Hamilton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-989-3:149","article-title":"Macrophage trophoblast interactions","volume":"122","author":"Mor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods Mol Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.9.1363","article-title":"Inhibiton of T cell proliferation by macrophage tryptophan catabolism","volume":"189","author":"Munn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.08.001","article-title":"What are the roles of macrophages and monocytes in human pregnancy","volume":"112","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2007.00498.x","article-title":"Profiling chemokines, cytokines and growth factors in human early pregnancy decidua by protein array","volume":"58","author":"Engert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1590459","article-title":"Comparison of expression patterns for placenta growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-b and VEGF-c in the human placenta throughout gestation","volume":"159","author":"Clark","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2002.129420","article-title":"Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, placental growth factor, and their receptors flt-1 and KDR in human placenta under pathologic conditions","volume":"33","author":"Kumazaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13611","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in placenta accreta and macrophage-trophoblast interactions","volume":"88","author":"Che","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16191","article-title":"M2 macrophage-derived G-CSF promotes trophoblasts EMT, invasion and migration via activating PI3K\/Akt\/Erk1\/2 pathway to mediate normal pregnancy","volume":"25","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.557184","article-title":"CD206+ M2-like macrophages are essential for successful implantation","volume":"11","author":"Ono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12466","article-title":"Decidual control of trophoblast invasion","volume":"75","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.32604\/biocell.2010.34.037","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2 regulates metalloproteinase activity and leptin secretion in a cytotrophoblast model","volume":"34","author":"Fontana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biocell"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04899-2","article-title":"Tim-3(+) decidual mphis induced Th2 and treg bias in decidual CD4(+)T cells and promoted pregnancy maintenance via CD132","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.01046.x","article-title":"Maternal Foxp3 expressing CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25- regulatory T-cell populations are enriched in human early normal pregnancy decidua: a phenotypic study of paired decidual and peripheral blood samples","volume":"66","author":"Dimova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5737","article-title":"Evidence for a selective migration of fetus-specific CD4+CD25bright regulatory T cells from the peripheral blood to the decidua in human pregnancy","volume":"180","author":"Tilburgs","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.081208","article-title":"FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and T helper 1, T helper 2, and T helper 17 cells in human early pregnancy decidua","volume":"82","author":"Mjosberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.02.005","article-title":"Paternal antigen-specific proliferating regulatory T cells are increased in uterine-draining lymph nodes just before implantation and in pregnant uterus just after implantation by seminal plasma-priming in allogeneic mouse pregnancy","volume":"108","author":"Shima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.088591","article-title":"Seminal fluid regulates accumulation of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the preimplantation mouse uterus through expanding the FOXP3+ cell pool and CCL19-mediated recruitment","volume":"85","author":"Guerin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.074294","article-title":"Resistance to lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm delivery mediated by regulatory T cell function in mice","volume":"80","author":"Bizargity","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302678","article-title":"Cutting edge: committed Th1 CD4+ T cell differentiation blocks pregnancy-induced Foxp3 expression with antigen-specific fetal loss","volume":"192","author":"Xin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2010.05.007","article-title":"Utilising T cell receptor transgenic mice to define mechanisms of maternal T cell tolerance in pregnancy","volume":"87","author":"Moldenhauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2017.41","article-title":"An immunogenic phenotype in paternal antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells at embryo implantation elicits later fetal loss in mice","volume":"95","author":"Moldenhauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.84","article-title":"Regulatory T cells decrease invariant natural killer T cell-mediated pregnancy loss in mice","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2017.70","article-title":"The altered PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway delivers the 'one-two punch' effects to promote the Treg\/Th17 imbalance in pre-eclampsia","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1680","article-title":"A pivotal role for galectin-1 in fetomaternal tolerance","volume":"13","author":"Blois","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.7.4679","article-title":"Regulatory T cells control dendritic cell\/NK cell cross-talk in lymph nodes at the steady state by inhibiting CD4+ self-reactive T cells","volume":"180","author":"Terme","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.05.031","article-title":"Extrathymic generation of regulatory T cells in placental mammals mitigates maternal-fetal conflict","volume":"150","author":"Samstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10858","article-title":"Reduction in regulatory T cells in early pregnancy causes uterine artery dysfunction in mice","volume":"72","author":"Care","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611944114","article-title":"Neutrophils induce proangiogenic T cells with a regulatory phenotype in pregnancy","volume":"113","author":"Nadkarni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1361818","article-title":"The microbiome and development: a mother's perspective","volume":"32","author":"Prince","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103653","article-title":"Uterine endometrium microbiota and pregnancy outcome in women with recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"152","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.09.075","article-title":"Evidence that the endometrial microbiota has an effect on implantation success or failure","volume":"215","author":"Moreno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103782","article-title":"The endometrial microbiota profile influenced pregnancy outcomes in patients with repeated implantation failure: a retrospective study","volume":"155","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12234","article-title":"Immunological modes of pregnancy loss: inflammation, immune effectors, and stress","volume":"72","author":"Kwak-Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der301","article-title":"An imbalance in interleukin-17-producing T and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in women with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507835102","article-title":"Human decidual NK cells from immature activating synapses and are not cytotoxic","volume":"102","author":"Kopcow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200006)30:6<1623","article-title":"HLA-e is expressed on trophoblast and interacts with CD94\u2009\/\u2009NKG2 receptors on decidual NK cells","volume":"30","author":"King","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.03.021","article-title":"The CD94\/NKG2A inhibitory receptor educates uterine NK cells to optimize pregnancy outcomes in humans and mice","volume":"54","author":"Shreeve","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.24.12000","article-title":"HLA-c is the inhibitory ligand that determines dominant resistance to lysis by NK1- and NK2-specific natural killer cells","volume":"90","author":"Colonna","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12481","article-title":"Effect of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expressed in HTR-8\/SVneo cells on decidual NK cell cytotoxicity","volume":"75","author":"Ban","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-020-00579-w","article-title":"Autophagy suppression of trophoblast cells induces pregnancy loss by activating decidual NK cytotoxicity and inhibiting trophoblast invasion","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-392951","article-title":"Tim-3 marks human natural killer cell maturation and suppresses cell-mediated cytotoxicity","volume":"119","author":"Ndhlovu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.126","article-title":"The galectin-9\/Tim-3 pathway is involved in the regulation of NK cell function at the maternal-fetal interface in early pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.7.4286","article-title":"Divergent trophoblast responses to bacterial products mediated by TLRs","volume":"173","author":"Abrahams","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12288","article-title":"Trophoblast induces monocyte differentiation into CD14+\/CD16+ macrophages","volume":"72","author":"Aldo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401536","article-title":"The human fetal placenta promotes tolerance against the semiallogeneic fetus by inducing regulatory T cells and homeostatic M2 macrophages","volume":"194","author":"Svensson-Arvelund","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey037","article-title":"Interleukin-34 is present at the fetal-maternal interface and induces immunoregulatory macrophages of a decidual phenotype","volume":"33","author":"Lindau","year":"2018","journal-title":"vitro. Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107794","article-title":"Measurement of pregnancy-associated plasma proteins during human gestation","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200007)30:7<1830","article-title":"Pregnancy specific glycoprotein 18 induces IL-10 expression in murine macrophages","volume":"30","author":"Wessells","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-18-0450","article-title":"Trophoblast-derived hyaluronan promotes the regulatory phenotype of decidual macrophages","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903059","article-title":"T Cell\/transmembrane, ig, and mucin-3 allelic variants differentially recognize phosphatidylserine and mediate phagocytosis of apoptotic cells","volume":"184","author":"DeKruyff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.11.001","article-title":"Co-Signaling molecules in maternal-fetal immunity","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03142","article-title":"Galectin-9 alleviates LPS-induced preeclampsia-like impairment in rats via switching decidual macrophage polarization to M2 subtype","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202176","article-title":"TIM-3 regulates innate immune cells to induce fetomaternal tolerance","volume":"190","author":"Chabtini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.1A0420-012RR","article-title":"Trophoblast-secreted soluble-PD-L1 modulates macrophage polarization and function","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev196","article-title":"Soluble human leukocyte antigen G5 polarizes differentiation of macrophages toward a decidual macrophage-like phenotype","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.505","article-title":"RANKL-mediated harmonious dialogue between fetus and mother guarantees smooth gestation by inducing decidual M2 macrophage polarization","volume":"8","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.67816","article-title":"Trophoblast-derived lactic acid orchestrates decidual macrophage differentiation via SRC\/LDHA signaling in early pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2016.08.008","article-title":"Update of syncytiotrophoblast derived extracellular vesicles in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"119","author":"Tannetta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12352","article-title":"Macrophage exosomes induce placental inflammatory cytokines: a novel mode of maternal-placental messaging","volume":"17","author":"Holder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098667","article-title":"A gestational profile of placental exosomes in maternal plasma and their effects on endothelial cell migration","volume":"9","author":"Salomon","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00880.x","article-title":"Trophoblast-derived exosomes mediate monocyte recruitment and differentiation","volume":"65","author":"Atay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106981","article-title":"Exosomes released from decidual macrophages deliver miR-153-3p, which inhibits trophoblastic biological behavior in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion","volume":"88","author":"Ying","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.58731","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from M1 macrophages deliver miR-146a-5p and miR-146b-5p to suppress trophoblast migration and invasion by targeting TRAF6 in recurrent spontaneous abortion","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21926\/obm.transplant.2001104","article-title":"Medawar's paradox and immune mechanisms of fetomaternal tolerance","volume":"4","author":"Rendell","year":"2020","journal-title":"OBM Transplant"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu","article-title":"T Helper (Th) cell profiles in pregnancy and recurrent pregnancy losses: Th1\/Th2\/Th9\/Th17\/Th22\/Tfh cells","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-11-252940","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin from trophoblasts induces dendritic cell-mediated regulatory TH2 bias in the decidua during early gestation in humans","volume":"116","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12595","article-title":"The T helper type 17\/regulatory T cell paradigm in pregnancy","volume":"148","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379","article-title":"Trophoblast-derived interleukin 9 mediates immune cell conversion and contributes to maternal-fetal tolerance","volume":"148","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.01056.x","article-title":"Modulation and recruitment of inducible regulatory T cells by first trimester trophoblast cells","volume":"67","author":"Ramhorst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12484-z","article-title":"Human placental trophoblast cells contribute to maternal-fetal tolerance through expressing IL-35 and mediating iT(R)35 conversion","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.989247","article-title":"Human chorionic gonadotropin promotes murine treg cells and restricts pregnancy-harmful proinflammatory Th17 responses","volume":"13","author":"Lentz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.112","article-title":"PD-1 and Tim-3 pathways are associated with regulatory CD8+ T-cell function in decidua and maintenance of normal pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00737.x","article-title":"PD-1 but not CTLA-4 blockage abrogates the protective effect of regulatory T cells in a pregnancy murine model","volume":"62","author":"Wafula","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew019","article-title":"Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) regulate CD4+ T cells to induce type 2 helper T cell (Th2) bias at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa223","article-title":"Newly characterized decidual Tim-3+ treg cells are abundant during early pregnancy and driven by IL-27 coordinately with gal-9 from trophoblasts","volume":"35","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359","article-title":"Innate immune recognition","volume":"20","author":"Janeway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008033430506","article-title":"Innate immunity","volume":"343","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.12.8096","article-title":"A role for TLRs in the regulation of immune cell migration by first trimester trophoblast cells","volume":"175","author":"Abrahams","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del178","article-title":"Expression and secretion of antiviral factors by trophoblast cells following stimulation by the TLR-3 agonist, Poly(I : c)","volume":"21","author":"Abrahams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/critrevimmunol.v25.i5.30","article-title":"Is the trophoblast an immune regulator? the role of toll-like receptor during prengnacy","volume":"25","author":"Mor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2006.00447.x","article-title":"NOD protein expression and function in first trimester trophoblast cells","volume":"57","author":"Costello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-018-0050-y","article-title":"Relevance of placental type I interferon beta regulation for pregnancy success","volume":"15","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","article-title":"Regulation of type I interferon responses","volume":"14","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.953534","article-title":"Regulation of microglia phagocytosis and potential involvement of exercise","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202152450","article-title":"Placenta-derived interferon-stimulated gene 20 controls ZIKA virus infection","volume":"22","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601824","article-title":"Cutting edge: Fetal\/Placental type I IFN can affect maternal survival and fetal viral load during viral infection","volume":"198","author":"Racicot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12501","article-title":"Type I interferon regulates the placental inflammatory response to bacteria and is targeted by virus: mechanism of polymicrobial infection-induced preterm birth","volume":"75","author":"Racicot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-2-49","article-title":"Conceptus signals for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Spencer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.06.022","article-title":"NAMPT: a pleiotropic modulator of monocytes and macrophages","volume":"135","author":"Travelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00378","article-title":"The interplay between reproductive tract microbiota and immunological system in human reproduction","volume":"11","author":"Al-Nasiry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00681-4","article-title":"Recurrent miscarriage: evidence to accelerate action","volume":"397","author":"Coomarasamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13615","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-2832-x","article-title":"Mixed lymphocyte reaction blocking factors (MLR-bf) as potential biomarker for indication and efficacy of paternal lymphocyte immunization in recurrent spontaneous abortion","volume":"288","author":"Khonina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2016.06.026","article-title":"Intralipid supplementation in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion and elevated levels of natural killer cells","volume":"135","author":"Dakhly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12487","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors as therapeutic agents for recurrent spontaneous abortion","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-017-0341-0","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy by targeting immune checkpoints: mechanism of T cell dysfunction in cancer immunity and new therapeutic targets","volume":"24","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J BioMed Sci"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411087","article-title":"PD-1 blockade with nivolumab in relapsed or refractory hodgkin's lymphoma","volume":"372","author":"Ansell","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1302369","article-title":"Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma","volume":"369","author":"Wolchok","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1249476","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1198430\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T07:55:54Z","timestamp":1689666954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1198430\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1198430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1198430","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"article-number":"1198430"}}