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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccine-induced protection against <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)<\/jats:italic> is usually ascribed to the induction of Th1, Th17, and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells. However, protective immune responses should also involve other immune cell subsets, such as memory T cells. We have previously shown improved protection against <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic> challenge using the rBCG-LTAK63 vaccine (a recombinant BCG strain expressing the LTAK63 adjuvant, a genetically detoxified derivative of the A subunit from <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> heat-labile toxin). Here we show that mice immunized with rBCG-LTAK63 exhibit a long-term (at least until 6 months) polyfunctional Th1\/Th17 response in the draining lymph nodes and in the lungs. This response was accompanied by the increased presence of a diverse set of memory T cells, including central memory, effector memory and tissue-resident memory T cells. After the challenge, the T cell phenotype in the lymph nodes and lungs were characterized by a decrease in central memory T cells, and an increase in effector memory T cells and effector T cells. More importantly, when challenged 6 months after the immunization, this group demonstrated increased protection in comparison to BCG. In conclusion, this work provides experimental evidence in mice that the rBCG-LTAK63 vaccine induces a persistent increase in memory and effector T cell numbers until at least 6 months after immunization, which correlates with increased protection against <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>. This improved immune response may contribute to enhance the long-term protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1205449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T02:13:45Z","timestamp":1689300825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Recombinant BCG expressing the LTAK63 adjuvant increased memory T cells and induced long-lasting protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"L\u00e1zaro Moreira","family":"Marques-Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monalisa Martins","family":"Trentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex 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