{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:00:08Z","timestamp":1792692008084,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate and elucidate the effects and mechanism of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) on the local immune response of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunofluorescence staining was used to compare immune cells infiltration before and after ALA-PDT in 23 patients with CIN2. The infiltration of immune cells into the cervical tissues of patients with different outcomes was also compared at the 6-month follow-up period. Immune cell counts in samples collected before and after treatment were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found an increased number of CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cell infiltration, an increased proportion of CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells expressing Granzyme B (GrB), Chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      tissue-resident memory T (T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) cells, and a decreased proportion of CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells expressing PD-1 in patients with CIN2 compared to that before ALA-PDT. Moreover, at the 6-month follow-up, there was higher infiltration of CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      cells, higher expression of GrB and CXCR3, and lower expression of PD-1 on CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells in the HPV clearance and CIN2 disappearance groups than in the HPV-positive and CIN2 regression groups. However, no significant difference was observed in the number of CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\n                      <jats:sub>SCM<\/jats:sub>\n                      following ALA-PDT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ALA-PDT could activate CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cell responses by modulating the expression of CXCR3 and PD-1 in CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells and increasing the infiltration of CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      cells. And the infiltration of CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells is correlated with the prognosis of CIN2.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1211114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T07:43:33Z","timestamp":1697787813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy on the local immune response of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anyue","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zubei","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuli","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.1.1-17.2003","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer","volume":"16","author":"Burd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12051301","article-title":"Targeted gene delivery therapies for cervical cancer","volume":"12","author":"Ayen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102293","article-title":"Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid on HPV clearance in women without cervical lesions","volume":"34","author":"Cang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102548","article-title":"The effect of 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Photodynamic Therapy versus CO(2) laser in the Treatment of Cervical Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions with High-Risk HPV Infection: A non-randomized, controlled pilot study","volume":"36","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102517","article-title":"Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in women of reproductive age with cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL\/CIN2)","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091332","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy review: principles, photosensitizers, applications, and future directions","volume":"13","author":"Correia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.67300","article-title":"Recent advances in nanomedicines for photodynamic therapy (PDT)-driven cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2019.07.003","article-title":"Cell death in photodynamic therapy: From oxidative stress to anti-tumor immunity","volume":"1872","author":"Donohoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01184-x","article-title":"Infiltrating T-cell markers in cervical carcinogenesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"Litwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.888176","article-title":"Infiltration patterns of cervical epithelial microenvironment cells during carcinogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2020.102088","article-title":"Immunotherapy in cervix cancer","volume":"90","author":"Attademo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003667","article-title":"Targeting CD96 overcomes PD-1 blockade resistance by enhancing CD8+ TIL function in cervical cancer","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13044","article-title":"Spatial determinates of effector and memory CD8(+) T cell fates","volume":"306","author":"Duckworth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02093","article-title":"CD8(+) resident memory T cells and viral infection","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.04.024","article-title":"Targeting tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells in the kidney is a potential therapeutic strategy to ameliorate podocyte injury and glomerulosclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0791-5","article-title":"Two subsets of stem-like CD8(+) memory T cell progenitors with distinct fate commitments in humans","volume":"21","author":"Galletti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13300","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy and immune checkpoint blockade(dagger)","volume":"96","author":"Cramer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11269-8","article-title":"Targeting photodynamic and photothermal therapy to the endoplasmic reticulum enhances immunogenic cancer cell death","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S392998","article-title":"Graphdiyne oxide-mediated photodynamic therapy boosts enhancive T-cell immune responses by increasing cellular stiffness","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103037","article-title":"Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.11.006","article-title":"Sensitization of immune cells following hexylaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"17","author":"Hass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051432","article-title":"Importance of the immune microenvironment in the spontaneous regression of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (cSIL) and implications for immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Muntinga","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00976","article-title":"CXCR3 ligands in cancer and autoimmunity, chemoattraction of effector T cells, and beyond","volume":"11","author":"Karin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.05.013","article-title":"CXCR3-CXCL9: it\u2019s all in the tumor","volume":"50","author":"Humblin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2017.11.007","article-title":"CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11\/CXCR3 axis for immune activation - A target for novel cancer therapy","volume":"63","author":"Tokunaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2020.101435","article-title":"Memory CD8(+) T cell responses to cancer","volume":"49","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4241","article-title":"T memory stem cells in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B29","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway: current researches in cancer","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05123-x","article-title":"BET bromodomain inhibition rescues PD-1-mediated T-cell exhaustion in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"13","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004793","article-title":"Combination of a novel heat shock protein 90-targeted photodynamic therapy with PD-1\/PD-L1 blockade induces potent systemic antitumor efficacy and abscopal effect against breast cancers","volume":"10","author":"Kaneko","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112432","article-title":"Combination of photodynamic therapy and a flagellin-adjuvanted cancer vaccine potentiated the anti-PD-1-mediated melanoma suppression","volume":"9","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1211114\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T07:43:35Z","timestamp":1697787815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1211114\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1211114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1211114","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"article-number":"1211114"}}