{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T12:03:14Z","timestamp":1790510594223,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major health issue primarily caused by cigarette smoke (CS) and characterized by breathlessness and repeated airway inflammation. NLRP6 is a cytosolic innate receptor controlling intestinal inflammation and orchestrating the colonic host\u2013microbial interface. However, its roles in the lungs remain largely unexplored. Using CS exposure models, our data show that airway inflammation is strongly impaired in Nlrp6-deficient mice with drastically fewer recruited neutrophils, a key cell subset in inflammation and COPD. We found that NLRP6 expression in lung epithelial cells is important to control airway and lung tissue inflammation in an inflammasome-dependent manner. Since gut-derived metabolites regulate NLRP6 inflammasome activation in intestinal epithelial cells, we investigated the link between NLRP6, CS-driven lung inflammation, and gut microbiota composition. We report that acute CS exposure alters gut microbiota in both wild-type (WT) and Nlrp6-deficient mice and that antibiotic treatment decreases CS-induced lung inflammation. In addition, gut microbiota transfer from dysbiotic Nlrp6-deficient mice to WT mice decreased airway lung inflammation in WT mice, highlighting an NLRP6-dependent gut-to-lung axis controlling pulmonary inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1224383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T10:09:24Z","timestamp":1702289364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["NLRP6 controls pulmonary inflammation from cigarette smoke in a gut microbiota-dependent manner"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"M\u00e9gane","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Huot-Marchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoussa","family":"Fanny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjol\u00e8ne","family":"Straube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Le Bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Savigny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Apetoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Van Snick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Trovero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Chamaillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie F. J.","family":"Quesniaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Ryffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Gosset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Gombault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Riteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Sokol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Couillin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.56.4.2","article-title":"Mediators of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"56","author":"Barnes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202301-0106PP","article-title":"Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 2023 report: GOLD executive summary","volume":"207","author":"Agusti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16855-4","article-title":"Burden and clinical features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)","volume":"364","author":"Pauwels","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201902-0439OC","article-title":"DNA methylation is predictive of mortality in current and former smokers","volume":"201","author":"Morrow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5364","article-title":"Recent advances in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis: from disease mechanisms to precision medicine","volume":"250","author":"Brandsma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60988-4","article-title":"New insights into the immunology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"378","author":"Brusselle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.05.011","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"138","author":"Barnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160487","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of asthma and COPD","volume":"131","author":"Barnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2018.1476475","article-title":"Neutrophilic inflammation in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"15","author":"Butler","year":"2018","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)33975-3","article-title":"Structural requirements for interleukin-8 function identified by design of analogs and CXC chemokine hybrids","volume":"269","author":"Clark-Lewis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0063OC","article-title":"Induction of CXCL5 during inflammation in the rodent lung involves activation of alveolar epithelium","volume":"32","author":"Jeyaseelan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0227OC","article-title":"CXC chemokines and their receptors are expressed in type II cells and upregulated following lung injury","volume":"29","author":"Vanderbilt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002016","article-title":"IL-17A and TNF-alpha exert synergistic effects on expression of CXCL5 by alveolar type II cells in vivo and in vitro","volume":"186","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.62.5.598","article-title":"Sequence similarities of a subgroup of CXC chemokines related to murine LIX: implications for the interpretation of evolutionary relationships among chemokines","volume":"62","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.64.4.494","article-title":"The murine neutrophil-chemoattractant chemokines LIX, KC, and MIP-2 have distinct induction kinetics, tissue distributions, and tissue-specific sensitivities to glucocorticoid regulation in endotoxemia","volume":"64","author":"Rovai","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3739","article-title":"The role of airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells in chronic respiratory disease","volume":"14","author":"Holtzman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3045","article-title":"Respiratory epithelial cells orchestrate pulmonary innate immunity","volume":"16","author":"Whitsett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.2.1169","article-title":"Cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation is TLR4\/MyD88 and IL-1R1\/MyD88 signaling dependent","volume":"180","author":"Doz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803154","article-title":"IL-1R1\/MyD88 signaling is critical for elastase-induced lung inflammation and emphysema","volume":"183","author":"Couillin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012414-040431","article-title":"The inflammasomes and autoinflammatory syndromes","volume":"10","author":"Broderick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29404","article-title":"Gout: new insights into an old disease","volume":"116","author":"Martinon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.02.006","article-title":"Surfactant-free anionic PLA nanoparticles coated with HIV-1 p24 protein induced enhanced cellular and humoral immune responses in various animal models","volume":"112","author":"Ataman-Onal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.007","article-title":"Regulation of the antimicrobial response by NLR proteins","volume":"34","author":"Elinav","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100981108","article-title":"Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 6 (NLRP6) controls epithelial self-renewal and colorectal carcinogenesis upon injury","volume":"108","author":"Normand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.026","article-title":"NLRP6 inflammasome orchestrates the colonic host-microbial interface by regulating goblet cell mucus secretion","volume":"156","author":"Wlodarska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf7419","article-title":"A sentinel goblet cell guards the colonic crypt by triggering Nlrp6-dependent Muc2 secretion","volume":"352","author":"Birchenough","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.55","article-title":"NLRP6 function in inflammatory monocytes reduces susceptibility to chemically induced intestinal injury","volume":"10","author":"Seregin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3145","article-title":"Nlrp6 regulates intestinal antiviral innate immunity","volume":"350","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007308","article-title":"NLRP6 negatively regulates pulmonary host defense in Gram-positive bacterial infection through modulating neutrophil recruitment and function","volume":"14","author":"Ghimire","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-00357-4","article-title":"NLRP6 modulates neutrophil homeostasis in bacterial pneumonia-derived sepsis","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083876","article-title":"The critical role of NLRP6 inflammasome in streptococcus pneumoniae infection in vitro and in vivo","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02664","article-title":"Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf","volume":"430","author":"Mariathasan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7535475","article-title":"Altered cytokine export and apoptosis in mice deficient in interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme","volume":"267","author":"Kuida","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0226OC","article-title":"Directed expression of Cre in alveolar epithelial type 1 cells","volume":"43","author":"Flodby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-013-0710-0","article-title":"Pathways analysis of differential gene expression induced by engrafting doses of total body irradiation for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in mice","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4102","article-title":"CARD9 impacts colitis by altering gut microbiota metabolism of tryptophan into aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands","volume":"22","author":"Lamas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2011-0260OC","article-title":"Role of CXCL5 in leukocyte recruitment to the lungs during secondhand smoke exposure","volume":"47","author":"Balamayooran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302412","article-title":"Cigarette smoke primes the pulmonary environment to IL-1alpha\/CXCR-2-dependent nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-exacerbated neutrophilia in mice","volume":"193","author":"Nikota","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201501-0103OC","article-title":"Role of B cell-activating factor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"192","author":"Seys","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.04.022","article-title":"NLRP6 inflammasome regulates colonic microbial ecology and risk for colitis","volume":"145","author":"Elinav","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.027","article-title":"Shaping of intestinal microbiota in nlrp6- and rag2-deficient mice depends on community structure","volume":"21","author":"Galvez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.048","article-title":"Microbiota-modulated metabolites shape the intestinal microenvironment by regulating NLRP6 inflammasome signaling","volume":"163","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.87","article-title":"A dietary flavone confers communicable protection against colitis through NLRP6 signaling independently of inflammasome activation","volume":"11","author":"Radulovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0256-z","article-title":"The NLRP6 inflammasome in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Ghimire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01095-0","article-title":"The important role of NLRP6 inflammasome in Pasteurella multocida infection","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.898559","article-title":"NLRP6 serves as a negative regulator of neutrophil recruitment and function during streptococcus pneumoniae infection","volume":"13","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S88702","article-title":"Bacterial flora in the sputum and comorbidity in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD","volume":"10","author":"Boixeda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012561","article-title":"New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"347","author":"Sethi","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61382-8","article-title":"COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention","volume":"370","author":"Wedzicha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.07.009","article-title":"CXCL5 regulates chemokine scavenging and pulmonary host defense to bacterial infection","volume":"33","author":"Mei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00039.2005","article-title":"Role of CXCR2 in cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation","volume":"289","author":"Thatcher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.918507","article-title":"Cigarette smoke-induced gasdermin D activation in bronchoalveolar macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells dependently on NLRP3","volume":"13","author":"Huot-Marchand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190679","article-title":"The Nlrp6 inflammasome is not required for baseline colonic inner mucus layer formation or function","volume":"216","author":"Volk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04698-22","article-title":"Disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier induced by high fructose and restraint stress is regulated by the intestinal microbiota and microbiota metabolites","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.07.011","article-title":"Nlrp6- and ASC-dependent inflammasomes do not shape the commensal gut microbiota composition","volume":"47","author":"Mamantopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.026","article-title":"The NLR protein NLRP6 does not impact gut microbiota composition","volume":"21","author":"Lemire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2014.02.002","article-title":"Smoking in inflammatory bowel disease: impact on disease course and insights into the aetiology of its effect","volume":"8","author":"Parkes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000442930","article-title":"Smoking and diet: impact on disease course","volume":"34","author":"Cosnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0250PS","article-title":"The gut-liver-lung axis. Modulation of the innate immune response and its possible role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"54","author":"Young","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.10.40","article-title":"COPD and the gut-lung axis: the therapeutic potential of fibre","volume":"11","author":"Vaughan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19701-0","article-title":"Disease-associated gut microbiome and metabolome changes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"11","author":"Bowerman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.04.022","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps are associated with disease severity and microbiota diversity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"141","author":"Dicker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.08.012","article-title":"The lung microbiome dynamics between stability and exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Current perspectives","volume":"157","author":"Dima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121760","article-title":"Gut-lung microbiota interaction in COPD patients: A literature review","volume":"58","author":"Krumina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202206-1066TR","article-title":"The bidirectional gut-lung axis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv527","article-title":"Pneumococcal infection aggravates elastase-induced emphysema via matrix metalloproteinase 12 overexpression","volume":"213","author":"Takahashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00159","article-title":"Elevated gut microbiome-derived propionate levels are associated with reduced sterile lung inflammation and bacterial immunity in mice","volume":"10","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.047","article-title":"The NLRP6 inflammasome recognizes lipoteichoic acid and regulates gram-positive pathogen infection","volume":"175","author":"Hara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1173614","article-title":"The gut microbiome as a potential source of non-invasive biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1224383\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T10:09:29Z","timestamp":1702289369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1224383\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1224383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1224383","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"article-number":"1224383"}}