{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T21:47:59Z","timestamp":1794001679809,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational studies have shown that gut microbiota is closely associated with inflammatory dermatoses such as psoriasis, rosacea, and atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the causal relationship between gut microbiota and inflammatory dermatosis remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on Maximum Likelihood (ML), MR-Egger regression, Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW), MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO), Weighted Mode, and Weighted Median Estimator (WME) methods, we performed a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal relationship between gut microbiota and inflammatory dermatosis. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data of gut microbiota came from the MiBioGen consortium, while the GWAS summary data of inflammatory dermatosis (including psoriasis, AD, rosacea, vitiligo, acne, and eczema) came from the FinnGen consortium and IEU Open GWAS project. Cochran\u2019s IVW Q test tested the heterogeneity among instrumental variables (IVs). The horizontal pleiotropy was tested by MR-Egger regression intercept analysis and MR-PRESSO analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eventually, the results indicated that 5, 16, 17, 11, 15, and 12 gut microbiota had significant causal effects on psoriasis, rosacea, AD, vitiligo, acne, and eczema, respectively, including 42 protective and 34 risk causal relationships. Especially, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria at the Family and Genus Level, as common probiotics, were identified as protective factors for the corresponding inflammatory dermatoses. The results of reverse MR analysis suggested a bidirectional causal effect between AD and genus Eubacterium brachy group, vitiligo and genus Ruminococcaceae UCG004. The causal relationship between gut microbiota and psoriasis, rosacea, acne, and eczema is unidirectional. There was no significant heterogeneity among these IVs. In conclusion, this bidirectional two-sample MR study identified 76 causal relationships between the gut microbiome and six inflammatory dermatoses, which may be helpful for the clinical prevention and treatment of inflammatory dermatoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1231848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T09:26:59Z","timestamp":1695893219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The causal relationship between gut microbiota and inflammatory dermatoses: a Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1028435","article-title":"Cytokine\/chemokine assessment as a complementary diagnostic tool for inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-016-1474-4","article-title":"Interaction between gut microbiota and toll-like receptor: from immunity to metabolism","volume":"95","author":"Yiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berlin Germany)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01459","article-title":"The gut microbiome as a major regulator of the gut-skin axis","volume":"9","author":"Salem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15951","article-title":"The gut microbiome alterations in allergic and inflammatory skin diseases - an update","volume":"34","author":"Polkowska-Pruszy\u0144ska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol: JEADV"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166026","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota composition associated with eczema in infants","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14586","article-title":"Gut microbiota alterations in moderate to severe acne vulgaris patients","volume":"45","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083998","article-title":"Alterations of the skin and gut microbiome in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Olejniczak-Staruch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02599.x","article-title":"Molecular fingerprinting of the intestinal microbiota of infants in whom atopic eczema was or was not developing","volume":"36","author":"Penders","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.04.034","article-title":"An altered fecal microbial profiling in rosacea patients compared to matched controls","volume":"120","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Formosan Med Assoc = Taiwan yi zhi"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13463","article-title":"The akkermansia muciniphila is a gut microbiota signature in psoriasis","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-018-9376-6","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota was closely associated with psoriasis","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014","article-title":"What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? 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