{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:48:31Z","timestamp":1789573711313,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating effects worldwide, but the trajectory of the pandemic has been milder in Low-and-Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), including those in Africa. Co-infection with helminths, such as Ascaris lumbricoides, has been suggested as a possible factor contributing to the reduced severity observed in these regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study investigated the association between Ascaris-specific antibody levels and COVID-19 severity in 276 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals in Benin. Participants were categorized into asymptomatic (n=100), mild (n=150), and severe (n=26) groups based on clinical disease severity. Sera were collected and analyzed using ELISA to measure Ascaris and SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, while Luminex was used to assess cytokines and SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results demonstrated that asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals expressed, on average, 1.7 and 2.2-times higher levels of Ascaris antibodies compared to individuals with mild and severe COVID-19, respectively. This finding suggests an inverse correlation between Ascaris antibody levels and COVID-19 severity. Notably, logistic regression analysis showed that Ascaris seropositivity was significantly associated with a reduced risk of severe COVID-19 (OR = 0.277, p = 0.021). Interestingly, COVID-19 patients with comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure showed lower expression of Ascaris antibodies. Strikingly, no correlation was observed between Ascaris antibody levels and SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies. On the other hand, individuals seronegative for Ascaris displayed significantly higher levels of systemic pro-inflammatory markers compared to seropositive individuals. These findings suggest that higher expression of Ascaris antibodies is associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and may contribute to the reduction of the risk to develop severe COVID-19. The beneficial effect of Ascaris seropositivity on COVID-19 outcomes in Benin may be attributed to a decrease in comorbidities and pro-inflammatory markers. These observations provide valuable insights into the milder COVID-19 trajectory observed in Africa and may have implications for future therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1233082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T13:49:50Z","timestamp":1691588990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Negative association between ascaris lumbricoides seropositivity and Covid-19 severity: insights from a study in Benin"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tomabu","family":"Adjobimey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneka","family":"Hennenfent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anick J.","family":"Bara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Latifou","family":"Lagnika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bienvenu","family":"Kocou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Adjagba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anatole","family":"Laleye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijo","family":"Parcina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05955-1","article-title":"Covid-19: A novel coronavirus and a novel challenge for critical care","volume":"46","author":"Arabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Dashboard (2023)2023"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02673-1","article-title":"Age is the main determinant of covid-19 related in-hospital mortality with minimal impact of pre-existing comorbidities, a retrospective cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Henkens","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriat"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19741-6","article-title":"Male sex identified by global covid-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and itu admission","volume":"11","author":"Peckham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1515\/mr-2021-0034","article-title":"Asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infection in coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Rev (Berl)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2342","article-title":"Role of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infections in covid-19 pandemic","volume":"375","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2020-106457","article-title":"Triage and justice in an unjust pandemic: ethical allocation of scarce medical resources in the setting of racial and socioeconomic disparities","volume":"47","author":"Tolchin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/JCE2020314303","article-title":"Developing a triage protocol for the covid-19 pandemic: allocating scarce medical resources in a public health emergency","volume":"31","author":"Tolchin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Ethics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2020-002793","article-title":"Pandemic icu triage challenge and medical ethics","volume":"11","author":"Netters","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Support Palliat Care"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14103-x","article-title":"Life under Stay-at-Home Orders: A Panel Study of Change in Social Interaction and Emotional Wellbeing among Older Americans During Covid-19 Pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.112121","article-title":"As a pandemic strikes: A study on the impact of mental stress, emotion drifts and activities on community emotional well-being","volume":"204","author":"Chakraverty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement (Lond)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v11.i6.232","article-title":"Covid-19 impact on high school student's education and mental health: A cohort survey in China","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/25151355221088159","article-title":"Low rate of covid-19 vaccination in Africa: A cause for concern","volume":"10","author":"Al-Kassim Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.751197","article-title":"The determinants of the low covid-19 transmission and mortality rates in Africa: A cross-country analysis","volume":"9","author":"Bouba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2020.100038","article-title":"Covid-19: unpacking the low number of cases in Africa","volume":"1","author":"Chitungo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Pract (Oxf)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07064-4","article-title":"Low incidence of covid-19 case severity and mortality in Africa; could malaria co-infection provide the missing link","volume":"22","author":"Osei","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0516","article-title":"Malaria and parasitic neglected tropical diseases: potential syndemics with covid-19","volume":"103","author":"Gutman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e573","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.573","article-title":"Immunomodulation of covid-19 severity by helminth co-infection: implications for covid-19 vaccine efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Akelew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immun Inflammation Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.10.002","article-title":"Potential influence of helminth molecules on covid-19 pathology","volume":"37","author":"Siles-Lucas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008628","article-title":"Helminth coinfection and covid-19: an alternate hypothesis","volume":"14","author":"Hays","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0330-5","article-title":"Will helminth co-infection modulate covid-19 severity in endemic regions","volume":"20","author":"Bradbury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.06.005","article-title":"The nature and consequences of coinfection in humans","volume":"63","author":"Griffiths","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(05)17745-9","article-title":"Human polymicrobial infections","volume":"365","author":"Brogden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009402","article-title":"Covid-19 and helminth infection: beyond the th1\/th2 paradigm","volume":"15","author":"Paniz-Mondolfi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009646","article-title":"Factors associated with soil-transmitted helminths infection in Benin: findings from the deworm3 study","volume":"15","author":"Avokpaho","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"Parasites - Soil-Transmitted Helminths2022"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2022-0027","article-title":"Coinfection with strongyloides and ascaris in a covid-19-positive male presenting with acute abdomen: A case report","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02441-x","article-title":"Helminth antigens differentially modulate the activation of cd4(+) and cd8(+) T lymphocytes of convalescent covid-19 patients in vitro","volume":"20","author":"Adjobimey","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.917905","article-title":"Comparison of iga, igg, and neutralizing antibody responses following immunization with Moderna, Biontech, Astrazeneca, Sputnik-V, Johnson and Johnson, and Sinopharm's covid-19 vaccines","volume":"13","author":"Adjobimey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0631-z","article-title":"A sars-cov-2 surrogate virus neutralization test based on antibody-mediated blockage of ace2-spike protein-protein interaction","volume":"38","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with covid-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13128","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13128","article-title":"Individuals with obesity and covid-19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships","volume":"21","author":"Popkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154262","article-title":"Severe Obesity, Increasing Age and Male Sex Are Independently Associated with Worse in-Hospital Outcomes, and Higher in-Hospital Mortality, in a Cohort of Patients with Covid-19 in the Bronx, New York","volume":"108","author":"Palaiodimos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.564117","article-title":"Understanding gender-bias in critically ill patients with covid-19","volume":"7","author":"Chamekh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jmh.JMH_175_20","article-title":"Covid-19 pandemic - impact on elderly and is there a gender bias","volume":"11","author":"Tandon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2021.774033","article-title":"Sex and gender bias in covid-19 clinical case reports","volume":"2","author":"Salter-Volz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Glob Womens Health"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27081","article-title":"Immunological aspects and gender bias during respiratory viral infections including novel coronavirus disease-19 (Covid-19): A scoping review","volume":"93","author":"Vadakedath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101054","article-title":"Effect of co-infection with intestinal parasites on covid-19 severity: A prospective observational cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Wolday","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.637087","article-title":"The hygiene hypothesis and new perspectives-current challenges meeting an old postulate","volume":"12","author":"Garn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202244109","article-title":"Early environments and the ecology of inflammation","author":"McDade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15606","article-title":"Intranasal administration of acinetobacter lwoffii in a murine model of asthma induces il-6-mediated protection associated with cecal microbiota changes","volume":"78","author":"Alashkar Alhamwe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00756","article-title":"Ige levels to ascaris and house dust mite allergens are associated with increased histone acetylation at key type-2 immune genes","volume":"11","author":"Zakzuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030724","article-title":"Perinatal and early-life nutrition, epigenetics, and allergy","volume":"13","author":"Acevedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0141-9838.2004.00730.x","article-title":"Immunity, immunoregulation and the ecology of trichuriasis and ascariasis","volume":"26","author":"Bradley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315830","article-title":"Human infection with ascaris lumbricoides is associated with a polarized cytokine response","volume":"182","author":"Cooper","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379370","article-title":"Th2 cytokines are associated with reduced worm burdens in a human intestinal helminth infection","volume":"188","author":"Turner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071493","article-title":"Understanding immune responses to viruses-do underlying th1\/th2 cell biases predict outcome","volume":"14","author":"Howard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04066-7","article-title":"Signals of T(H)2 immune response from covid-19 patients requiring intensive care","volume":"99","author":"Roncati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.624483","article-title":"T-helper cell subset response is a determining factor in covid-19 progression","volume":"11","author":"Gil-Etayo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00141","article-title":"Helminths and covid-19 co-infections: A neglected critical challenge","volume":"3","author":"Abdoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol Trans Sci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jaa.S273556","article-title":"Helminth induced immunoregulation and novel therapeutic avenue of allergy","volume":"13","author":"Ayelign","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3073","article-title":"Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets","volume":"11","author":"Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2711","article-title":"The regulation of il-10 production by immune cells","volume":"10","author":"Saraiva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43492-5_3","article-title":"Tr1 cells and the counter-regulation of immunity: natural mechanisms and therapeutic applications","volume":"380","author":"Roncarolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132723","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in the control of host-microorganism interactions","volume":"27","author":"Belkaid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02571-2","article-title":"Probing sars-cov-2-positive plasma to identify potential factors correlating with mild covid-19 in Ghana, West Africa","volume":"20","author":"Tapela","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-85113-2_7","article-title":"Risk factors for covid-19: diabetes, hypertension, and obesity","volume":"1353","author":"Buscemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-00586-4","article-title":"Severity and mortality of covid 19 in patients with diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"de Almeida-Pititto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndrome"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05040-11","article-title":"Helminth infections and host immune regulation","volume":"25","author":"McSorley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12401","article-title":"Immunomodulation by helminths: similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Surendar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.827486","article-title":"Helminth and host crosstalk: new insight into treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic syndromes","volume":"13","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012199.pub2","article-title":"Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil-transmitted helminth infection","volume":"6","author":"Garn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05465-7","article-title":"Association between water, sanitation, and hygiene access and the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections in Wolayita, Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"Phillips","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001620","article-title":"Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Strunz","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00588-2","article-title":"A longitudinal study of sars-cov-2-infected patients reveals a high correlation between neutralizing antibodies and covid-19 severity","volume":"18","author":"Legros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110629","article-title":"Sars-cov-2 neutralizing antibody levels are correlated with severity of covid-19 pneumonia","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10344-3","article-title":"Risk factors for severe covid-19 differ by age for hospitalized adults","volume":"12","author":"Molani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.9.2200121","article-title":"Risk of severe covid-19 from the delta and omicron variants in relation to vaccination status, sex, age and comorbidities - surveillance results from Southern Sweden, July 2021 to January 2022","volume":"27","author":"Kahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142004","article-title":"Sex, age, and hospitalization drive antibody responses in a covid-19 convalescent plasma donor population","volume":"130","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200982","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.0982","article-title":"Covid-19 hospitalization rates rise exponentially with age, inversely proportional to thymic T-cell production","volume":"18","author":"Palmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06942-y","article-title":"Association of age and hospitalization amongst those with underlying high-risk conditions at covid-19 diagnosis in a large, state-wide health system","volume":"36","author":"Watanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz859","article-title":"The effect of helminth infections and their treatment on metabolic outcomes: results of a cluster-randomized trial","volume":"71","author":"Sanya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.23","article-title":"Systemic impact of intestinal helminth infections","volume":"7","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004140","article-title":"Helminth infections, type-2 immune response, and metabolic syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Wiria","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0873-4","article-title":"Helminth infections and type 2 diabetes: A cluster-randomized placebo controlled sugarspin trial in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Tahapary","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.11.001","article-title":"The yin and yang of human soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"51","author":"Loukas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004616","article-title":"Chronic filarial infection provides protection against bacterial sepsis by functionally reprogramming macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Gondorf","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.71","article-title":"Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires il-10 in the absence of a th2-type response","volume":"6","author":"Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01170-08","article-title":"Helminth infection can reduce insulitis and type 1 diabetes through cd25- and il-10-independent mechanisms","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008807","article-title":"Detection of ascaris lumbricoides infection by aba-1 coproantigen elisa","volume":"14","author":"Lagatie","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1233082\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T13:49:56Z","timestamp":1691588996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1233082\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1233082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1233082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"article-number":"1233082"}}