{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T20:14:47Z","timestamp":1784664887075,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Postoperative systemic inflammatory dysregulation (PSID) is characterised by strongly interlinked immune and metabolic abnormalities. However, the hub genes responsible for the interconnections between these two systemic alterations remain to be identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of individual peripheral blood nucleated cells in patients with PSID (n = 21, CRP &amp;gt; 250 mg\/L) and control patients (n = 25, CRP &amp;lt; 75 mg\/L) following major abdominal surgery, along with their biological functions. Correlation analyses were conducted to explore the interconnections of immune-related DEGs (irDEGs) and metabolism-related DEGs (mrDEGs). Two methods were used to screen hub genes for irDEGs and mrDEGs: we screened for hub genes among DEGs via 12 algorithms using CytoHubba in Cytoscape, and also screened for hub immune-related and metabolic-related genes using weighted gene co-expression network analysis. The hub genes selected were involved in the interaction between changes in immunity and metabolism in PSID. Finally, we validated our results in mice with PSID to confirm the findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 512 upregulated and 254 downregulated DEGs in patients with PSID compared with controls. Gene enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were significantly associated with immune- and metabolism-related biological processes and pathways. Correlation analyses revealed a close association between irDEGs and mrDEGs. Fourteen unique hub genes were identified via 12 screening algorithms using CytoHubba in Cytoscape and via weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Among these, <jats:italic>CD28<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CD40LG<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>MAPK14<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>S100A12<\/jats:italic> were identified as hub genes among both immune- and metabolism-related genes; these genes play a critical role in the interaction between alterations in immunity and metabolism in PSID. The experimental results also showed that the expression of these genes was significantly altered in PSID mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study identified hub genes associated with immune and metabolic alterations in patients with PSID and hub genes that link these alterations. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying immune and metabolic interactions and new targets for clinical treatment can be proposed on this basis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1238774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T12:14:38Z","timestamp":1694175278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identification of potential hub genes linked to immune and metabolic alterations in postoperative systemic inflammatory 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