{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T14:15:56Z","timestamp":1762092956711,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved the lifespan of people living with HIV. However, their immune system remains in a state of sustained activation\/inflammation, which favors viral replication and depletion of helper T-cells with varying profiles according to ART-response. We herein sought to ascertain the inflammatory profile of adolescents living with perinatal HIV-1 infection (ALPHI) receiving ART in an African context. In this cross-sectional and comparative study among ART-experienced ALPHI in Yaound\u00e9-Cameroon, HIV-1 RNA was measured by Abbott Real-time PCR; CD4 cells were enumerated using flow cytometry; serum cytokines were measured by ELISA; HIV-1 proviral DNA was genotyped by Sanger-sequencing; and archived drug resistance mutations (ADRMs) were interpreted using Stanford HIVdb.v9.0.1. Overall, 73 adolescents were enrolled (60 ALPHI and 13 HIV-1 negative peers) aged 15 (13-18) years; 60.00% were female. ART median duration was 92 (46-123) months; median viral load was 3.99 (3.17-4.66) RNA Log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> (copies)\/mL and median CD4 count was 326 (201-654) cells\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. As compared to HIV-negative adolescents, TNF\u03b1 was highly expressed among ALPHI (p&amp;lt;0.01). Following a virological response, inflammatory cytokines (IFN\u03b3 and IL-12), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and inflammation-related cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2) were highly expressed with viral suppression (VS) vs. virological failure (VF), while the chemokine CCL3 was highly expressed with VF (p&amp;lt;0.01). Regarding the immune response, the inflammatory cytokine TNF\u03b1 was highly expressed in those that are immunocompetent (CD4\u2265500 cell\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) vs. immunocompromised (CD4&amp;lt;500 cell\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>), p \u2264 0.01; while chemokine CCL2 was highly expressed in the immunocompromised (p&amp;lt;0.05). In the presence of ADRMs, IL-4 and CCL3 were highly expressed (p=0.027 and p=0.043 respectively). Among ART-experienced ALPHI in Cameroon, the TNF\u03b1 cytokine was found to be an inflammatory marker of HIV infection; IFN\u03b3, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-12 are potential immunological markers of VS and targeting these cytokines in addition to antiretroviral drugs may improve management. Moreover, CCL3 and CCL2 are possible predictors of VF and\/or being immunocompromised and could serve as surrogates of poor ART response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1239877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T03:55:55Z","timestamp":1692071755000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inflammatory profile of vertically HIV-1 infected adolescents receiving ART in Cameroon: a contribution toward optimal pediatric HIV control strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aude Christelle","family":"Ka\u2019e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aubin 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