{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T22:43:38Z","timestamp":1792881818981,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    is known as a probiotic butyric acid bacterium that can improve the intestinal environment. In this study, we isolated a new strain of\n                    <jats:italic>C. butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    from infant feces and evaluated its physiological characteristics and antiviral efficacy by modulating the innate immune responses\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The isolated\n                    <jats:italic>C. butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    S-45-5 showed typical characteristics of\n                    <jats:italic>C. butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    including bile acid resistance, antibacterial ability, and growth promotion of various lactic acid bacteria. As an antiviral effect,\n                    <jats:italic>C. butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    S-45-5 markedly reduced the replication of influenza A virus (PR8), Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) in RAW264.7 cells\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This suppression can be explained by the induction of antiviral state in cells by the induction of antiviral, IFN-related genes and secretion of IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , oral administration of\n                    <jats:italic>C. butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    S-45-5 exhibited prophylactic effects on BALB\/c mice against fatal doses of highly pathogenic mouse-adapted influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H9N2). Before challenge with influenza virus,\n                    <jats:italic>C. butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    S-45-5-treated BALB\/c mice showed increased levels of IFN-\u03b2, IFN-\u03b3, IL-6, and IL-12 in serum, the small intestine, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), which correlated with observed prophylactic effects. Interestingly, after challenge with influenza virus,\n                    <jats:italic>C. butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    S-45-5-treated BALB\/c mice showed reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and relatively higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines at day 7 post-infection. Taken together, these findings suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>C. butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    S-45-5 plays an antiviral role\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    by inducing an antiviral state and affects immune modulation to alleviate local and systemic inflammatory responses caused by influenza virus infection. Our study provides the beneficial effects of the new\n                    <jats:italic>C. butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    S-45-5 with antiviral effects as a probiotic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1242183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:58:03Z","timestamp":1696899483000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The novel immunobiotic Clostridium butyricum S-45-5 displays broad-spectrum antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo by inducing immune modulation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kiramage","family":"Chathuranga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeseul","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Bashir","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayoung","family":"Paek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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