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The candidate conferred significant protection against <jats:italic>Mycobacterium. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> challenge in na\u00efve guinea pigs and markedly improved protection in the lungs and spleens of animals primed with BCG. We then immunized rhesus macaques with BCG intradermally, and subsequently boosted with one intradermal and one aerosol dose of Spore-FP1, prior to challenge with low dose aerosolized <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> Erdman strain. Following vaccination, animals did not show any adverse reactions and displayed higher antigen specific cellular and antibody immune responses compared to BCG alone but this did not translate into significant improvement in disease pathology or bacterial burden in the organs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1246826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T05:15:22Z","timestamp":1696914922000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Spore-FP1 tuberculosis mucosal vaccine candidate is highly protective in guinea pigs but fails to improve on BCG-conferred protection in non-human primates"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy 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