{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T15:03:32Z","timestamp":1776697412720,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pathogenesis of peptic ulcer diseases (PUDs) involves multiple factors, and the contribution of gut microbiota to this process remains unclear. While previous studies have associated gut microbiota with peptic ulcers, the precise nature of the relationship, whether causal or influenced by biases, requires further elucidation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>The largest meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies was conducted by the MiBioGen consortium, which provided the summary statistics of gut microbiota for implementation in the Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Summary statistics for five types of PUDs were compiled using the FinnGen Consortium R8 release data. Various statistical techniques, including inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median (WM), weighted mode, and simple mode, were employed to assess the causal relationships between gut microbiota and these five PUDs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the intestinal microbiome of 119 known genera, we found a total of 14 causal associations with various locations of PUDs and reported the potential pathogenic bacteria of <jats:italic>Bilophila<\/jats:italic> et\u00a0al. Among them, four had causal relationships with esophageal ulcer, one with gastric ulcer, three with gastroduodenal ulcer, four with duodenal ulcer, and two with gastrojejunal ulcer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, the pathogenic bacterial genera in the gut microbiota that promote the occurrence of PUDs were found to be causally related. There are multiple correlations between intestinal flora and PUDs, overlapping PUDs have overlapping associated genera. The variance in ulcer-related bacterial genera across different locations underscores the potential influence of anatomical locations and physiological functions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1260780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T15:48:26Z","timestamp":1696520906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Genome-wide Mendelian randomization identifies putatively causal gut microbiota for multiple peptic ulcer diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jingwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yucheng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yizhang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32404-7","article-title":"Peptic ulcer disease","volume":"390","author":"Lanas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac033","article-title":"The global burden of peptic ulcer disease in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"51","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000323958","article-title":"Systematic review of the epidemiology of complicated peptic ulcer disease: incidence, recurrence, risk factors and mortality","volume":"84","author":"Lau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11550","article-title":"Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota","volume":"489","author":"Lozupone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2515","article-title":"The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Round","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1134369","article-title":"Integrating microbiome and metabolome revealed microbe-metabolism interactions in the stomach of patients with different severity of peptic ulcer disease","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.646348","article-title":"Dysbiosis and implication of the gut microbiota in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520010077036","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. 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