{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T21:41:29Z","timestamp":1780090889979,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pure Neural Leprosy (PNL) is a form of this long time known disease that affects only the peripheral nervous system. Since it is a rare form of the disease, its pathophisiology is still poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Describe the cytokines profile in patients with PNL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>30 Patients diagnosed with PNL in the Souza Araujo Outpatient Clinic and with cytokines evaluated were selected. They were evaluated by neurologists and diagnosed after a nerve biopsy. Serum levels of IL-1 \u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF, CCL-2\/MCP-1, IFN-\u03d2, CXCL-10\/IP-10 and TGF-\u03b2 were evaluates at the moment of the diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neural thickening was a common clinical finding in this groups of patients. Small and medium sensitive fibers signs and symptoms were present in 92% of the patients and motor involvement in 53%. 43% of patients presented neuropathic pain and no one had neuritis TGF-beta, IL-17, CCl-2 and IP-10. CCL-2 levels were associated with demyelinating patters and IP-10 and IL-1o were associated with axonal patterns at NCS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>PNL patients\u2019 cytokine profile appears to be different of other clinical forms of leprosy, with the presence of cytokines described in both tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy. High levels of CCl-2 may be related to the presence of silent neuritis as well as the presence of IL-10. PNL is unique a form of leprosy, therefore, understanding its immunological profiles essential to better understand the disease itself.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1272471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T04:39:18Z","timestamp":1701751158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cytokines profile in pure neural leprosy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Izabela Jardim R.","family":"Pitta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora Bartzen Moraes","family":"Angst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta Olmo","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce Soares da Silva","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa Neves","family":"Spitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ligia Rocha","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Bittencourt","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Andrea","family":"Hacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euzenir Nunes","family":"Sarno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia Rodrigues","family":"Jardim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-1081-5","article-title":"Criteria for diagnosis of pure neural leprosy","volume":"250","author":"Jardim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2020.1851370","article-title":"Immunology of leprosy","volume":"41","author":"Froes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlv027","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines are involved in focal demyelination in leprosy neuritis","volume":"75","author":"Andrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010070","article-title":"Follow-up assessment of patients with Pure Neural Leprosy in a reference center in Rio de Janeiro\u2014Brazil","volume":"16","author":"Pitta","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.173","article-title":"Mycobacterium leprae-host-cell interactions and genetic determinants in leprosy: an overview","volume":"6","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12966","article-title":"In search of biomarkers for leprosy by unraveling the host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"301","author":"van Hooij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.82.4.371","article-title":"Serum cytokine profile in leprosy and its correlation with clinico-histopathological profile","volume":"82","author":"Madan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity","volume":"34","author":"Ridley","year":"1966","journal-title":"A five-group system. 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