{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:47:40Z","timestamp":1793382460303,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>B cells can have both pathogenic and protective roles in autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Deficiencies in the number or immunosuppressive function of IL-10 producing regulatory B cells (Bregs) can cause exacerbated autoimmune inflammation. However, the exact role of Bregs in lupus pathogenesis has not been elucidated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We carried out gene expression analysis by scRNA-seq to characterize differences in splenic Breg subsets and molecular profiles through stages of disease progression in lupus-prone mice. Transcriptome-based changes in Bregs from mice with active disease were confirmed by phenotypic analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that a loss of marginal zone (MZ) lineage Bregs, an increase in plasmablast\/plasma cell (PB-PC) lineage Bregs, and overall increases in inflammatory gene signatures were characteristic of active disease as compared to Bregs from the pre-disease stage. However, the frequencies of both MZ Bregs and PB-PCs expressing IL-10 were significantly decreased in active-disease mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, we have identified changes to the repertoire and transcriptional landscape of Breg subsets associated with active disease that provide insights into the role of Bregs in lupus pathogenesis. These results could inform the design of Breg-targeted therapies and interventions to restore Breg suppressive function in autoimmunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1282770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T15:03:28Z","timestamp":1702566208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis reveals the heterogeneity of IL-10 producing regulatory B cells in lupus-prone mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andrea R.","family":"Daamen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razan M.","family":"Alajoleen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrie 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