{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T02:26:14Z","timestamp":1787970374426,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The impact of inflammatory factors on the development of Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is widely recognized, but the exact causal relationship remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The bidirectional mendelian-randomization study utilized genetic data from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 186 AS cases and 456,162 controls of European ancestry. Inflammatory cytokines were obtained from a GWAS summary of 8,293 healthy participants. Causal associations were primarily investigated using the inverse variance-weighted method, supplemented by MR Egger, weighted median and weighted mode analyses. Heterogeneity in the results was assessed using the Cochrane Q test. Horizontal pleiotropy was evaluated through the MR-Egger intercept test and the MR pleiotropy residual sum and outliers (MR-PRESSO) test. Sensitivity analysis was conducted through leave-one-out analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results suggest a genetically predicted potential association between beta-nerve growth factor (\u03b2NGF), Interleukin-1-beta (IL-1\u03b2), and TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) with the risk of AS (OR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.13-4.16; OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.18-0.95,; OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.02-2.13).Additionally, Interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Stromal-cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF\u22121\u03b1), Macrophage inflammatory protein 1\u03b2 (MIP1\u03b2), Monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3), Platelet-derived growth factor bb (PDGFbb), Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF), Fibroblast growth factor basic (bFGF), TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), and Interferon-gamma (IFN -\u03b3) are suggested as consequences of AS in genetically prediction.No evidence of horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity between the genetic variants was found (P&amp;gt;0.05), and a leave-one-out test confirmed the stability and robustness of this association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that \u03b2NGF, IL-1\u03b2, and TRAIL may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AS. Additionally, AS may impact the expression of cytokines such as IL-12p70, IL-17, IL-6, IL-4, SDF\u22121\u03b1, MIP1\u03b2, MCP-3, PDGFbb,GCSF, bFGF,TRAIL,and IFN-\u03b3. Further investigations are warranted to determine whether these biomarkers can be utilized for the prevention or treatment of AS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1285106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T05:37:50Z","timestamp":1700458670000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Exploring causal correlations between inflammatory cytokines and ankylosing spondylitis: a bidirectional mendelian-randomization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianning","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirong","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1406182","article-title":"Ankylosing 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