{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T21:47:05Z","timestamp":1783633625895,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) patients experience systemic inflammation as well as immune dysfunction and exhaustion. The phenotype and functionality of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in ACLF patients with different clinical parameters have not been elucidated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study included 37 cases of ACLF, 20 cases of Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) patients, and 12 healthy controls. Demographic and laboratory parameters were collected from the enrolled patients. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from the participants. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells were induced and cultured, followed by co-culturing with T cells from the patients. Cell surface markers and intracellular markers were analyzed using flow cytometry. The relationship between these markers and clinical parameters was compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study found that ACLF patients had lower expression levels of HLA-DR, CD86, and CD54 on monocyte-derived dendritic cells compared to both CHB patients and healthy controls. IL-4, GM-CSF, and alcohol were found to promote the expression of HLA-DR, CD86, and CD54 on monocyte-derived dendritic cells. In ACLF patients, higher levels of procalcitonin (PCT), lower levels of albumin, decreased prothrombin activity and deceased patients were associated with lower expression of HLA-DR, CD86, and CD54 on monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), after removing adherent cells, were co-cultured with monocyte-derived DC. Our study revealed that patients with infection and low albumin levels exhibited a decreased proportion of T cell subsets within PBMCs. Additionally, these patients\u2019 T cells showed lower levels of Ki-67 and interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) production.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>ACLF patients exhibit varying clinical states, with differences in the phenotype and the ability of monocyte-derived dendritic cells to stimulate T cells. Alcohol can stimulate the maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1290445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T04:33:53Z","timestamp":1701664433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative analysis of monocyte-derived dendritic cell phenotype and T cell stimulatory function in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure with different clinical 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