{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:02:19Z","timestamp":1792551739381,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The influence of vitamin D on autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) remains a subject of ongoing debate. This study employs Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal correlations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), autoimmune hyperthyroidism (AIH), and Graves disease (GD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data on single nucleotide polymorphisms related to serum 25(OH)D levels, AIT, AIH, and GD were sourced from UK Biobank and FinnGen. Inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, and weighted median were employed to test the exposure-outcome causal relationship. Assessments of horizontal pleiotropy, heterogeneity, and stability were performed using the MR-Egger intercept, Cochran\u2019s Q test, and leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of MR analysis showed increased serum 25(OH)D levels was associated with a reduced risk of AIT (OR 0.499, 95% CI 0.289 to 0.860, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.012) but not causal associated with AIH (OR 0.935, 95% CI 0.695 to 1.256, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.654) and GD (OR 0.813, 95% CI 0.635 to 1.040, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.100). Intercept analysis showed no horizontal pleiotropy (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05), and Cochran\u2019s Q test showed no heterogeneity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). Sensitivity analysis suggested that these results were robust.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>An increased serum 25(OH)D level is associated with AIT risk reduction but unrelated to AIH and GD. This finding suggests that vitamin D supplementation can be valuable for preventing and treating AIT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1298708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T05:25:56Z","timestamp":1704691556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Mendelian randomization study of the effect of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels on autoimmune thyroid 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