{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:51:13Z","timestamp":1792018273281,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the present study was to assess differences in the serum levels of chemokines and growth factors (GFs) between COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. The diagnostic utility of the analyzed proteins for monitoring the severity of the SARS-CoV- 2 infection based on the patients\u2019 MEWS scores was also assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The serum levels of chemokines and growth factors were analyzed in hospitalized COVID-19 patients (50 women, 50 men) with the use of the Bio-Plex Pro\u2122 Human Cytokine Screening Panel (Biorad) and the Bio-Plex Multiplex system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study demonstrated that serum levels of MIP-1\u03b1, RANTES, Eotaxin, CTACK, GRO-\u03b1, IP-10, MIG, basic-FGF, HGF, SCGF-\u03b2, G-CSF, M-CSF, SCF, MIF, LIF, and TRAIL were significant higher in COVID-19 patients than in the control group. The concentrations of CTACK, GRO-\u03b1, IP-10, MIG, basic-FGF, HGF, PDGF- BB, GM-CSF, SCF, LIF, and TRAIL were higher in asymptomatic\/mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients (stage 1) and COVID-19 patients with pneumonia without respiratory failure (stage 2). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that IP-10, MIF, MIG, and basic-FGF differentiated patients with COVID-19 from healthy controls with the highest sensitivity and specificity, whereas GM-CSF, basic-FGF, and MIG differentiated asymptomatic\/mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients (stage 1) from COVID-19 patients with pneumonia without respiratory failure (stage 2) with the highest sensitivity and specificity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>MIG, basic-FGF, and GM-CSF can be useful biomarkers for monitoring disease severity in patients with COVID-19.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1320362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T04:33:40Z","timestamp":1704342820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Changes in chemokine and growth factor levels may be useful biomarkers for monitoring disease severity in COVID-19 patients; a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Blanka","family":"Wolszczak-Biedrzycka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Dorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"Wojew\u00f3dzka-\u017belezniakowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"\u017bendzian-Piotrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violetta","family":"Dymicka-Piekarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Matowicka-Karna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Maciejczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11010091","article-title":"Cytokines and chemokines in SARS-coV-2 infections\u2014Therapeutic strategies targeting cytokine storm","volume":"11","author":"Pum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2020-0168","article-title":"Relationship between IL-6 and COVID-19: to be considered during treatment","volume":"15","author":"Vatansever","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/dmpt-2021-0127","article-title":"Modifying effects of TNF-\u03b1, IL-6 and VDR genes on the development risk and the course of COVID-19. 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