{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:20:46Z","timestamp":1790850046363,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tuberculosis (TB) and sarcoidosis are both granulomatous diseases. Here, we compared the immunological microenvironments of granulomas from TB and sarcoidosis patients using\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequencing (ISS) transcriptomic analysis and multiplexed immunolabeling of tissue sections. TB lesions consisted of large necrotic and cellular granulomas, whereas \u201cmultifocal\u201d granulomas with macrophages or epitheloid cell core and a T-cell rim were observed in sarcoidosis samples. The necrotic core in TB lesions was surrounded by macrophages and encircled by a dense T-cell layer. Within the T-cell layer, compact B-cell aggregates were observed in most TB samples. These B-cell clusters were vascularized and could contain defined B-\/T-cell and macrophage-rich areas. The ISS of 40\u201360 immune transcripts revealed the enriched expression of transcripts involved in homing or migration to lymph nodes, which formed networks at single-cell distances in lymphoid areas of the TB lesions. Instead, myeloid-annotated regions were enriched in\n                    <jats:italic>CD68<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CD14<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ITGAM<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ITGAX<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>CD4<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA.\n                    <jats:italic>CXCL8<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA were observed in granulocytic areas in which\n                    <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was also detected. In line with ISS data indicating tertiary lymphoid structures, immune labeling of TB sections expressed markers of high endothelial venules, follicular dendritic cells, follicular helper T cells, and lymph-node homing receptors on T cells. Neither ISS nor immunolabeling showed evidence of tertiary lymphoid aggregates in sarcoidosis samples. Together, our finding suggests that despite their heterogeneity, the formation of tertiary immune structures is a common feature in granulomas from TB patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1332733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:32:27Z","timestamp":1707265947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Immune mapping of human tuberculosis and sarcoidosis lung 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