{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T17:04:22Z","timestamp":1776186262530,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is a frustrating challenge because the cause is unknown. The current study aims to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the endometrium on the basis of immune cell infiltration characteristics between RIF patients and healthy controls, as well as to investigate potential prognostic markers in RIF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>GSE103465, and GSE111974 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were obtained to screen DEGs between RIF and control groups. Gene Ontology analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway analysis, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, and Protein-protein interactions analysis were performed to investigate potential biological functions and signaling pathways. CIBERSORT was used to describe the level of immune infiltration in RIF, and flow cytometry was used to confirm the top two most abundant immune cells detected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>122 downregulated and 66 upregulated DEGs were obtained between RIF and control groups. Six immune-related hub genes were discovered, which were involved in Wnt\/-catenin signaling and Notch signaling as a result of our research. The ROC curves revealed that three of the six identified genes (AKT1, PSMB8, and PSMD10) had potential diagnostic values for RIF. Finally, we used cMap analysis to identify potential therapeutic or induced compounds for RIF, among which fulvestrant (estrogen receptor antagonist), bisindolylmaleimide-ix (CDK and PKC inhibitor), and JNK-9L (JNK inhibitor) were thought to influence the pathogenic process of RIF. Furthermore, our findings revealed the level of immune infiltration in RIF by highlighting three signaling pathways (Wnt\/-catenin signaling, Notch signaling, and immune response) and three potential diagnostic DEGs (AKT1, PSMB8, and PSMD10).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Importantly, our findings may contribute to the scientific basis for several potential therapeutic agents to improve endometrial receptivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.992765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T11:45:03Z","timestamp":1674733503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Identification of potential biomarkers and immune infiltration characteristics in recurrent implantation failure using bioinformatics analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhen-Zhen","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Wei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui-Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shao-Liang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiang-Nan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2013.08.011","article-title":"Recurrent implantation failure: definition and management","volume":"28","author":"Coughlan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod BioMed Online"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2013.12.006","article-title":"What exactly do we mean by 'recurrent implantation failure'? a systematic review and opinion","volume":"28","author":"Polanski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod BioMed Online"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.07.002","article-title":"Rate of true recurrent implantation failure is low: results of three successive frozen euploid single embryo transfers","volume":"115","author":"Pirtea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13192","article-title":"Preimplantation genetic testing to reduce preterm births in assisted reproductive technology","volume":"150","author":"Simpson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.01.025","article-title":"Uterine disorders affecting female fertility: what are the molecular functions altered in endometrium","volume":"113","author":"Devesa-Peiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13563","article-title":"Immune alterations in recurrent implantation failure","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol (New York NY 1989)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2011.12.001","article-title":"The distribution of immune cells and macrophages in the endometrium of women with recurrent reproductive failure. 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