{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T00:20:04Z","timestamp":1793665204823,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) is a poorly understood severe gastrointestinal complications of prematurity which is poorly understood. Extremely premature infants born prior to 28 weeks\u2019 gestation develop a localized perforation of the terminal ileum during the first week of life and therapy involves surgery and cessation of enteral feeds. Little is known regardj g the impact of mucosal immune dysfunction on disease pathogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed mass cytometry time of flight (CyTOF) of small intestinal mucosa of patients with SIP (Gestational age (GA) 24 \u2013 27 weeks, n=8) compared to patients who had surgery for non-SIP conditions (neonatal (GA &amp;gt;36 weeks, n=5 ) and fetal intestine from elective terminations (GA 18-21 weeks, n=4). CyTOF analysis after stimulation of T cells with PMA\/Ionomycin was also performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We noted changes in innate and adaptive mucosal immunity in SIP. SIP mucosa had an expansion of ckit+ neutrophils, an influx of na\u00efve CD4 and CD8 T cells and a reduction of effector memory T cells. SIP T cells were characterized by reduced CCR6 and CXCR3 expression and increased interferon gamma expression after stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that previously unrecognized immune dysregulation is associated with SIP and should be explored in future studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.995558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T09:39:40Z","timestamp":1675762780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Single cell analysis via mass cytometry of spontaneous intestinal perforation reveals alterations in small intestinal innate and adaptive mucosal immunity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Oluwabunmi","family":"Olaloye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chino","family":"Eke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Jolteus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liza","family":"Konnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000","volume":"379","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1593990","article-title":"Spontaneous intestinal perforation: the long-term outcome","volume":"27","author":"Houben","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-056445","article-title":"Long-term outcome of necrotizing enterocolitis and spontaneous intestinal perforation","volume":"150","author":"Vaidya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2022.01.058","article-title":"Morbidity associated with laparotomy-confirmed spontaneous intestinal perforation: A prospective multicenter analysis","volume":"57","author":"Culbreath","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2022-324157","article-title":"Mortality and neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants with spontaneous intestinal perforation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Ang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.03.012","article-title":"Association of co-exposure of antenatal steroid and prophylactic indomethacin with spontaneous intestinal perforation","volume":"235","author":"Kandraju","year":"2021","journal-title":". 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