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NK-lysin is a type of granulysin, a member of the saposin-like proteins family first isolated from a pig\u2019s small intestine. In previous work, for the first time, we identified four variants of <jats:italic>nk-lysin<\/jats:italic> from Atlantic salmon (<jats:italic>Salmo salar<\/jats:italic>) using EST sequences. In the present study, we reported and characterized two additional transcripts of <jats:italic>NK-lysin<\/jats:italic> from <jats:italic>S. salar<\/jats:italic>. Besides, we evaluated the tissue distribution of three <jats:italic>NK-lysins<\/jats:italic> from <jats:italic>S. salar<\/jats:italic> and assessed the antimicrobial, hemolytic, and immunomodulatory activities and signaling pathways of three NK-lysin-derived peptides. The synthetic peptides displayed antimicrobial activity against <jats:italic>Piscirickettsia salmonis<\/jats:italic> (LF-89) and <jats:italic>Flavobacterium psychrophilum<\/jats:italic>. These peptides induced the expression of immune genes related to innate and adaptive immune responses <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. The immunomodulatory activity of the peptides involves the mitogen-activated protein kinases-mediated signaling pathway, including p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1\/2, and\/or c-Jun N-terminal kinases. Besides, the peptides modulated the immune response induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Our findings show that NK-lysin could be a highly effective immunostimulant or vaccine adjuvant for use in fish aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1191966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T04:47:01Z","timestamp":1712638021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["New insight into the biological activity of Salmo salar NK-lysin antimicrobial 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